http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Ambers&feedformat=atomCCoWS Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T17:26:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.2http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:45:31Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf Basin Plan Objectives] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/RI/ISWSRI-101.pdf biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
=Action Taken Since TMDL Approval=<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
*The San Lorenzo Valley High School was cited by the state in 2001 for excessive nitrate and ammonia levels from a faulty septic system, which was contaminating the nearby San Lorenzo River <ref>[http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/currsymp2008/posters.html Watershed Academy, San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA]</ref>. To rectify the problem, the school constructed an innovative wetland-pond system to absorb excess nitrogen compounds. <br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
[[Image:ConservingAmmoniainManure.gif|300px|thumb| http://extension.umass.edu/cdle/fact-sheets/conserving-ammonia-manure These estimates demonstrate the variance of ammonia losses among different animal species, types of livestock operations, and management practices. Taken from a report on "Conserving Ammonia in Manure", produced at the University of Massachusetts]] <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:ConservingAmmoniainManure.gifFile:ConservingAmmoniainManure.gif2013-04-09T23:42:34Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:29:20Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf Basin Plan Objectives] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/RI/ISWSRI-101.pdf biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
=Action Taken Since TMDL Approval=<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
*The San Lorenzo Valley High School was cited by the state in 2001 for excessive nitrate and ammonia levels from a faulty septic system, which was contaminating the nearby San Lorenzo River <ref>[http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/currsymp2008/posters.html Watershed Academy, San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA]</ref>. To rectify the problem, the school constructed an innovative wetland-pond system to absorb excess nitrogen compounds. <br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:25:13Z<p>Ambers: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf Basin Plan Objectives] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/RI/ISWSRI-101.pdf biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
*The San Lorenzo Valley High School was cited by the state in 2001 for excessive nitrate and ammonia levels from a faulty septic system, which was contaminating the nearby San Lorenzo River <ref>[http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/currsymp2008/posters.html Watershed Academy, San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA]</ref>. To rectify the problem, the school constructed an innovative wetland-pond system to absorb excess nitrogen compounds. <br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:22:48Z<p>Ambers: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf Basin Plan Objectives] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
*The San Lorenzo Valley High School was cited by the state in 2001 for excessive nitrate and ammonia levels from a faulty septic system, which was contaminating the nearby San Lorenzo River <ref>[http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/currsymp2008/posters.html Watershed Academy, San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA]</ref>. To rectify the problem, the school constructed an innovative wetland-pond system to absorb excess nitrogen compounds. <br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:21:55Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
*The San Lorenzo Valley High School was cited by the state in 2001 for excessive nitrate and ammonia levels from a faulty septic system, which was contaminating the nearby San Lorenzo River <ref>[http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/currsymp2008/posters.html Watershed Academy, San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA]</ref>. To rectify the problem, the school constructed an innovative wetland-pond system to absorb excess nitrogen compounds. <br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:18:32Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant''<br />
*This treatment facility is maintained by the County Water and Wastewater Operations Division. <br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:07:56Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:07:26Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:06:14Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb| http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1c6003wp&chunk.id=d0e22976&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress Map sourced from an investigation of Flood Control and Riparian System Destruction in the Lower San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T23:00:59Z<p>Ambers: /* Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
<br />
''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:59:59Z<p>Ambers: /* Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
##After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. <br />
##This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:59:08Z<p>Ambers: /* Nitrogen Control Measures */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
##If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:58:09Z<p>Ambers: /* Disposal Systems */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:55:52Z<p>Ambers: /* Nitrogen Removal */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
##Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
##Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
##Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
##When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
##Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
##Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:54:38Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|http://www.svwd.org/uploads/2011SVWDGWAnnual.pdf The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:53:53Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|The Santa Margarita Ground Water Basin and Sub Areas. Image taken from the Annual Report 2011 Water Year Scotts Valley Water District Groundwater Management Program]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:47:55Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and are awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:47:17Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following seven large bold sections describe the current plans in the 2002-2007 Draft Nitrate Management Plan for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:46:22Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>=== <br />
Note: The following sections describe the current plans in the 2002-2007 Draft Nitrate Management Plan for the San Lorenzo River Watershed. The majority of Progress areas are "Ongoing" and awaiting updates once the 2010 progress report is made available.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:44:09Z<p>Ambers: /* Shallow Leach Fields */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
''Shallow Leach Fields''<br />
#'''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:43:30Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:43:00Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
#'''Planned''' <br />
##Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
##'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. <br />
##The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:41:27Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
<br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:41:13Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:40:53Z<p>Ambers: /* Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
##Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
##Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
##Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
##No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
#'''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:35:04Z<p>Ambers: /* Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
#'''Planned'''<br />
*Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
*Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
*Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. <br />
*No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
<br />
##'''Progress''':Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:33:12Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>. There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 ] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
==Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions==<br />
#'''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
##'''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:15:38Z<p>Ambers: /* Parcel Size */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
''Summary''<br />
<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size Requirements and Restrictions===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:14:46Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
''Summary''<br />
<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:14:26Z<p>Ambers: /* Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:12:34Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007 was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T22:11:11Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the progress report for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management<ref name="PR2008"/>===<br />
<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:58:22Z<p>Ambers: /* Action Taken Since TMDL Approval */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A Draft San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan Program Status Report 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:56:39Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:54:36Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG|300px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:05:58Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:04:14Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary.jpg|400px|thumb]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:03:22Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary|400px|thumb]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:02:26Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Progress_of_Implementation_of_Nitrate_TMDL_for_the_San_Lorenzo_River,_Santa_Cruz_County,_CaliforniaProgress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California2013-04-09T21:01:28Z<p>Ambers: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
[[Image:SLR.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
*Nitrate concentrations have increased in the San Lorenzo River watershed since the 1950's and are dangerously close to violating parts of the Central Coast Region Water Quality Control Plan, also known as the Basin Plan. The Basin Plan contains the following objective for taste and odor: “Waters shall not contain taste or odor-producing substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin, that cause nuisance, or that adversely affect beneficial uses." <ref> [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf] </ref><br />
<br />
*Since high nitrate levels can stimulate [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Biostimulatory biological growth] of algae, molds, and fungi, it threatens drinking water supplies by releasing organic compounds. These compounds are known to cause noxious tastes and odors,but more importantly, they produce potentially carcinogenic disinfection byproducts when the water is treated.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
*The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/index.shtml San Lorenzo River Total Maximum Daily Load for nitrate] was the first [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California|TMDL]] written for a water body in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/ central coast region]. The TMDL was first initiated in 2000, when the [[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] approved an [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_resln00-001_signed.pdf amendment] to the original Basin Plan. The amendment addressed the issue of inadequate nitrate concentration reporting limits, which was 5-7 times above background levels, by switching to the target concentration required by the TMDL for the San Lorenzo River. The [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] approved the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2000/2000_0003_slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River] in September of 2000, and it was finally approved by the EPA in 2003 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Resolution No. 00-003 </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:SantaMbasinboundary|400px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
*The 1995 [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] determined that nearly 67% of the nitrate in the San Lorenzo River detected in the summer season came from areas close to the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3wAAAAMAAJ&pg=SL5-PA58&lpg=SL5-PA58&dq=santa+margarita+sandstone+permeability+san+lorenzo&source=bl&ots=7VFZD6SqS-&sig=DoSESWctC_R_NJhFnN41jMsMSW4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IhdiUcLhKeqjiQK32oAI&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=santa%20margarita%20sandstone%20permeability%20san%20lorenzo&f=false Santa Margarita Sandstone]. Septic systems in these areas contribute between 10-15 times more nitrate to the river than other less permeable soils. Thus, reduction efforts are most effective in areas with sandy soils. 20% of contamination is directly caused by humans during the wet season. <ref> [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] </ref><br />
<br />
*The San Lorenzo River is still considered impaired and nitrate levels have not declined as rapidly as projected. Reductions in harmful nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River can be achieved with better management of wastewater disposal methods (e.g. septic system upgrades), improved livestock management strategies, and various land-use practices which require less fertilizers. Continued monitoring of established sites is crucial to ongoing efforts that aim to identifying nitrogen hot spots and point sources.<br />
<br />
== Action Taken Since TMDL Approval ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:San Lorenzo Nitrate trend 1990-2007.png|thumb|left|Observed decrease in nitrate in San Lorenzo river from 1990-2007.<ref name="PR2008"/>]]<br />
<br />
Much of the [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California | implementation plan]] for the San Lorenzo nitrate TMDL was adopted from the existing [http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=_rC-zzlkFkQ%3d&tabid=1847 Nitrate Management Plan] (NMP), which was developed for the Basin Plan in 1995 <ref> CCRWQCB. 2000. Staff report for regular meeting for September 15, 2000: San Lorenzo River nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load. State of California: 1-32. </ref>. Santa Cruz County was required to submit a Nitrate Management Plan Implementation Report to the [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board |CCRWQCB]] in 2005, and 2010 <ref name="TMDL"> CCRWQCB. 2000. Nitrate Total Maximum Daily Load for San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Shingle Mill Creek, and Lompico Creek. State of California: 1-44. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/nitrate/slr_nitrate_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf </ref>. However, the plan for 2010 is not available for public review, and the next submission is not required until 2020. <br />
<br />
In 2008, the County of Santa Cruz submitted a [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsccounty01.co.santa-cruz.ca.us%2Feh%2Fenvironmental_water_quality%2FWastewater_status_2006_2.pdf&ei=MLF0T7__GcGOiALq6qWMDw&usg=AFQjCNHvmGSPCnVxLqgX0VVXgPmxx6_pbw&sig2=8hK1eFlJeyO6DR5_JWF94A DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] for the Wastewater Management Plan, which included a review of the Nitrate Management Plan's progress. Implementation of the NMP was expected to reduce nitrate levels by 15-20% from 1995-2005, followed by a reduction of 10% in the next 10 years. Observed nitrate trends show that reductions are occurring slower than desired, with an 11% decrease over the past 15 years. Ben Lomond and Boulder Creek sites has experienced significant reductions of up to 60%. <br />
The report suggested that "no significant adverse impacts resulting from nitrate loading at the current level have been identified".<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is a list of planned actions and progress of implementation plan of nitrate TMDL in the San Lorenzo River. The following nitrate reduction measures have been directly taken from the 2008 program status report:<ref name="PR2008"> [[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w9zSzqzmENg%3d&tabid=1847 Santa Cruz County. 2008. San Lorenzo wastewater management plan: draft program status report 2002-2007. 1-28] </ref>.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal and Nitrogen Reduction Management===<br />
*''Summary''<br />
There are 13,000 parcels with a total of 13,900 septic systems in the county’s database. In the past, the status of the 13,900 systems were evaluated via site inspections for failures, assessment of groundwater levels, water quality monitoring and septic tank pumping records. Over 80 boreholes and 11,700 parcels were inspected by the time the DRAFT SAN LORENZO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN PROGRAM STATUS REPORT 2002-2007] was produced. Since 2008, roughly 10 wells continue to be monitored on an annual basis and periodic site inspections are ongoing but infrequent.<br />
<br />
===Parcel Size===<br />
1. '''Planned''':<br />
*''New Development'' <br />
Most of the suitable parcels have already been developed. According to the 2002-2007 Management Plan, 30% of new developments must use alternative systems, and any new developments must meet the existing requirement implemented in 1983 of a one acre minimum parcel size if the resulting septic system(s) are in the San Lorenzo Watershed. Additionally, in 2002, the county approved an exception which allows 20 commercial parcels to be developed in the village areas of the San Lorenzo Valley. However, the most common reason for bringing septic systems up to current standards is due to remodeling projects on existing homes in the watershed.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''':<br />
*''Land Use Regulations for Nitrogen Reduction'' <br />
Current density restrictions require that owners maintain a 10 acre per parcel limit for new land divisions. <br />
Current regulations for erosion control, land clearing practices, and riparian corridor protection are required to be maintained and ongoing. No new land use projects within the watershed can be approved if the project area will increase nitrate discharges to groundwater or surface water by more than 15 pounds per acre, per year.<br />
<br />
===Wastewater Disposal Treatment===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement improved wastewater disposal management through the San Lorenzo Wastewater Management Plan<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
*'' Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant'' <br />
1. '''Planned''': Complete ongoing efforts to improve treatment procedures at Boulder Creek Country Club Treatment Plant to reduce nitrate discharge by using wastewater reclamation on the golf course. (The treatment process was refined and fully operational by May 1998. The improvements provide for treatment for nitrogen removal, with the possibility of wastewater reclamation on the golf course much of the year. Effluent has generally not been used for reclamation on the golf course, due to strict regulations. However, the effluent that is delivered to leach fields for disposal has significantly lower nitrogen levels. Nitrogen levels in Boulder Creek are 60% less than the levels from the mid 1990’s.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Shallow Leach Fields===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Maintain the new requirement for shallow leach fields for new and repaired septic systems (less than 4 feet in sandy areas, and 4-6.5 feet in other areas). <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Removal===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Implement enhanced technology for at least 50% nitrogen removal for septic system in sandy soils. Require septic systems serving new or expanded uses in sandy soils to install enhanced treatment measures which will reduce nitrogen discharge by at least 50%. (Implemented August 1995; existing systems to be upgraded at the time of major remodels (originally projected rate of 1.2% (20 systems) per year is actually 0.3%, or 5.25 systems per year over the past 12 years.<br />
*Encourage the use of nitrogen removal methods for any onsite disposal system which will use a nonstandard system. (Since 1995, 245 alternative systems with capability for nitrogen removal have been approved for use in the San Lorenzo Watershed: 15 sand filters, 63 Advantex Systems, and 167 FAST systems. The 61 systems installed in sandy soils will reduce the summer nitrate load from sandy areas by 6%.)<br />
*Continue to evaluate new onsite wastewater disposal technology for nitrogen reduction to identify more cost-effective measures. Require higher levels of nitrogen removal if measures become available that are more cost-effective than sand filters. (Some new technology is becoming available, but the cost continues to be high.)<br />
*Apply for State revolving funds and other funds to develop a funding source to assist property owners in repairing their systems to provide enhanced treatment. (Revised program is now being implemented, beginning June 2005. This could fund 100 upgrades over the next five years, although only 7 loans have been applied for in the past 2 years.)<br />
*When more cost-effective technology and/or funding assistance becomes available, require all onsite system repairs in sandy areas to utilize enhanced treatment for nitrogen removal. (Implementation deferred, pending more inexpensive technology and documented need for further nitrogen reduction.)<br />
*Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Disposal Systems===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Require all large onsite disposal systems which serve more than 5 residential units or dispose more than an average of 2000 gallons per day to utilize enhanced treatment to reduce nitrate discharge by at least 50%. Installation of such measures for existing systems shall be required at the time of system repair or upgrade. (Estimated 1-2 upgrades involving approximately 5000 gallons per day per year, but only about 8 upgrades have occurred in the past 12 years.)<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen Control Measures===<br />
1. '''Planned''': <br />
*Require all new or revised waste discharge permits and all new development projects in the San Lorenzo Watershed to include nitrogen control measures consistent with this Nitrate Management Plan. (County staff has worked with staff at the Regional Board to include nitrogen reduction requirements in new or amended waste discharge permits. This was included in the permits for expansion of the Mount Hermon Association system, the Boulder Creek Country Club system, the San Lorenzo Valley High School system, Brookdale Lodge, Pasatiempo Inn, and Bear Creek Estates.)<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*If 2010 summer nitrate levels in the San Lorenzo River have not declined by at least 15%, reevaluation of implementation practices, and recommendations for more stringent control measures may be required. (No available updates on the status of this requirement available).<br />
<br />
===Livestock Management for Nitrogen Reduction===<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to work with stable owners and develop a new ordinance requiring practices to reduce nitrate discharge: cover manure piles, maintain manure piles and paddock areas at least 50-100 ft from streams or drainage areas, direct drainage away from paddock areas, and provide other measures as necessary to reduce discharge of nitrate, sediment, and contaminants. <br />
<br />
2.'''Progress''': Ongoing.<br />
*After meetings with stable and horse owners, it was decided to pursue an approach of education, technical assistance, and voluntary compliance. A grant funded effort by the Resource Conservation District and Ecology Action got underway in 2001 and continues with new grant funds. This program has provided for 9 pilot projects implemented in the watershed, 13 area workshops, 30 site visits for technical assistance in the watershed, and significant outreach to the Horsemen’s Association and horse owners. All new or modified horse operations now prepare and implement manure management plans to reduce the runoff or percolation of nitrate.<br />
<br />
===Ongoing Monitoring of Nitrogen Sources===<br />
*''Scotts Valley Nitrate Plume''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Monitor the Scotts Valley nitrate plume, and identify potential ongoing sources of nitrate. Work with the City of Scotts Valley and property owners for reduction of nitrate discharge from Scotts Valley, if feasible.<br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, nitrate concentrations seems to be diminishing by 30%.<br />
<br />
*''Nitrate Level Monitoring''<br />
1. '''Planned''': Continue to monitor nitrate levels in surface and groundwater. Reevaluate implementation of more stringent control measures if summer nitrate levels in the River have not declined by at least 15% by 2010. <br />
<br />
2. '''Progress''': Ongoing monitoring, reevaluation in 2010<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram.aspx Environmental Health Services]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/SewageDisposalWasteWaterManagement.aspx Sewage Disposal and Waste Water Management]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/Home/Programs/EnvironmentalWaterQualityProgram/CurrentWaterQualityInformation.aspx Current Water Quality Data]<br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BJD8oaTkuO8%3d&tabid=1847 San Lorenzo River Salmonid Enhancement Plan] <br />
*[http://scceh.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T-wUs-vNlyE%3d&tabid=1847 Assessment of Sources of Bacterial Contamination At Santa Cruz County Beaches]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:SantaMbasinboundary.JPGFile:SantaMbasinboundary.JPG2013-04-09T21:00:48Z<p>Ambers: </p>
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<div></div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_WatsonvilleUrban stormwater management in the City of Watsonville2013-04-09T19:48:49Z<p>Ambers: /* Watsonville */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:watsonville_CA.jpg|400px|thumb]]<br />
==''Watsonville''==<br />
The town of Watsonville was incorporated on March 30, 1868. It came under a city charter in 1903. Watsonville is named after Judge John Watson, who came to the valley in 1851. Agriculture and food processing are the main industries in the Pajaro Valley economic structure. Watsonville has a rich agricultural community and the Pajaro Valley is famous for its strawberries , apples, and cut flowers. Nearly 70 percent of the population in Watsonville is Latino <ref>[http://growinwatsonville.com/why-watsonville/history-watsonville Watsonville History]</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
The City Of Watsonville has a storm drain system which directs storm water runoff from streets along gutters and through underground pipes to discharge into the major waterways, and eventually the Monterey Bay. This includes the maintenance of 2000 storm drain inlets, 50 miles of storm water pipeline, and 15 storm water pumps located along Corralitos Creek and the Pajaro River <ref> [http://cityofwatsonville.org/public-works-utilities/sewer-storm-drains Sewer/Storm Drains] </ref>. The system is only designed to control flooding. The storm water is untreated drains flows directly into the ocean.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Pajaro River<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
*Division of Public Works<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*City of Watsonville<br />
*The [http://cityofwatsonville.org/public-works-utilities/conservation_outreach_and_education_program City of Watsonville Resource Conservation Program ]<br />
*Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary<br />
*Community Foundation of Santa Cruz County<br />
*Resource Conservation District of Santa CRuz County<br />
*Watsonville Wetlands Watch<br />
*Action Pajaro Valley<br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Pajaro River, and the Watsonville Slough Complex.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 (NPDES)]:This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
**Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coastal Basin [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/docs/basin_plan_2011.pdf]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL Designations for Watsonville [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Pajaro River Nutrients TMDL]<br />
*TMDL Designations for Watsonville [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/pajaro/sediment/index.shtml Pajaro River Sediment TMDL]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
*1997 Current Industrial Activities Storm Water General Permit<br />
*2009 [http://cityofwatsonville.org/download/Public%20Works/Storm%20Water%20Management%20Plan.pdf Storm Water Management Plan] approved.<br />
*2010 City of Watsonville Urban Water Management Plan [http://www.water.ca.gov/urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/Watsonville,%20City%20of/UWMP%202010%20FINAL.pdf]<br />
*2011 Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coastal Basin<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
A large percent of the population relies on the continued health and vitality of the agricultural industry for their income and livelihood. Storm water problems are a continuous threat to that economic sector due to past scares with E.coli contaminated lettuce in the region.<ref> [http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/01/contaminated-lettuce-came-from-lgma-grower/ Flynn, Dan. E. coli-Contaminated Lettuce Came from a California LGMA Grower. 2013 Jan 15. www.foodsafetynews.com] </ref> Also, the Watsonville Slough system is comprised of Harkins, Gallighan, Hanson, Struve, and Watsonville Sloughs and drains an area of approximately 50 km2 (13,000 acres).<ref> [http://ccwg.mlml.calstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/WatsonvilleSloughCCA.pdf Non-Point Source Program - CCA NPS Watershed Assessment for Watsonville Slough] </ref> This area contains significant coastal habitats including, salt marsh, brackish and fresh water marsh and the diversity of habitats within this coastal area makes the Watsonville Slough a valuable resource for both coastal plant communities as well as fish and migratory birds.<br />
<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*Low Impact Development Best Management Practices are outlined in the Design Guide.<ref> [http://cityofwatsonville.org/download/Public%20Works/Low%20Impact%20Dev%20BMP%20Design%20Guidance.pdf Low Impact Development Best Management Practices - Design Guide] </ref> The Design Guide is similar to the hydromodification control standards active in Marin County. This is an interim guide while the City of Watsonville irons out a common hydromodification control standard with the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. The Design Guidance replaces the City of Watsonville’s Storm Water Land Development Standards.<br />
*The Storm Water Control Plan provides information on the status of measurable goals, an evaluation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and their effectiveness and any revisions to BMPs or measurable goals.<ref> [http://cityofwatsonville.org/download/Public%20Works/drainage_study_stormwater_control_plan_example.pdf Storm Water Control Plan]<br />
*[http://cityofwatsonville.org/city-of-watsonville/salsipuedes-creek-capacity-enhancement-restoration-project Salsipuedes Creek Capacity Enhancement & Restoration Project]: City and County staff are partnering with the US Army Corps of Engineers to receive early feedback with regard to permitting the project. Corps staff are in the process of securing permits for a bench excavation project along the creek. The process requires preparation of 70% complete design plans for the project and a hydraulic bank stability assessment, to be completed by Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, Inc. (NHC)<ref>[http://www.nhcweb.com/ Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, Inc] </ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in the Monterey Bay region]]<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in the City of Pacific Grove]]<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in the City of Scotts Valley]]<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in the City of Santa Cruz]]<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in the City of Capitola]]<br />
*[[Urban stormwater management in Santa Cruz County]]<br />
*[http://cityofwatsonville.org/ City of Watsonville]<br />
*[http://cityofwatsonville.org/public-library/research-center/pajaro-valley-history Watsonville Public Library]<br />
*[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_tmdl_proj_rpt_appendix_a.pdf Central Coast Watershed Studies]<br />
*[http://cityofwatsonville.org/public-works-utilities/water/water-quality-reports-2 Watsonville Water Quality Reports]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:45:10Z<p>Ambers: /* Stakeholders */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Capitolabeach.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission [http://www.coastal.ca.gov/] <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District<br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
#County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program <br />
*Storm Water Resources[http://www.scparks.com/pdfs/Potential%20Water%20Issues%20Regarding%20Artificial%20Turf.pdf]<br />
*BASMAA’s Start at the Source Manual[http://www.scvurppp-w2k.com/default.htm]<br />
*Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbooks [http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/]<br />
*Rainfall and Stream Data [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:44:05Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Capitolabeach.jpg|400px|thumb|]]<br />
==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District <br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
#County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program <br />
*Storm Water Resources[http://www.scparks.com/pdfs/Potential%20Water%20Issues%20Regarding%20Artificial%20Turf.pdf]<br />
*BASMAA’s Start at the Source Manual[http://www.scvurppp-w2k.com/default.htm]<br />
*Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbooks [http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/]<br />
*Rainfall and Stream Data [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:Capitolabeach.jpgFile:Capitolabeach.jpg2013-04-09T19:43:31Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:41:48Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div>==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District <br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
#County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program <br />
*Storm Water Resources[http://www.scparks.com/pdfs/Potential%20Water%20Issues%20Regarding%20Artificial%20Turf.pdf]<br />
*BASMAA’s Start at the Source Manual[http://www.scvurppp-w2k.com/default.htm]<br />
*Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbooks [http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/]<br />
*Rainfall and Stream Data [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:Capitola.jpgFile:Capitola.jpg2013-04-09T19:41:37Z<p>Ambers: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:38:32Z<p>Ambers: /* Regional */</p>
<hr />
<div>==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola CA.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District <br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
#County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program <br />
*Storm Water Resources[http://www.scparks.com/pdfs/Potential%20Water%20Issues%20Regarding%20Artificial%20Turf.pdf]<br />
*BASMAA’s Start at the Source Manual[http://www.scvurppp-w2k.com/default.htm]<br />
*Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbooks [http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/]<br />
*Rainfall and Stream Data [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:37:04Z<p>Ambers: /* Regional */</p>
<hr />
<div>==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola CA.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District <br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
#County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program <br />
*Storm Water Resources[http://www.scparks.com/pdfs/Potential%20Water%20Issues%20Regarding%20Artificial%20Turf.pdf]<br />
*BASMAA’s Start at the Source Manual[http://www.scvurppp-w2k.com/default.htm]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambershttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Urban_stormwater_management_in_the_City_of_CapitolaUrban stormwater management in the City of Capitola2013-04-09T19:27:55Z<p>Ambers: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>==''Capitola''==<br />
[[Image:Capitola CA.jpg|200px|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
The village of [http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/AboutCapIntro.html Capitola] became the third incorporated city in Santa Cruz County in January 1949. As such, the city of Capitola is required to have a Storm Water Management Program (SWMP) for pollutants, sediment, and toxins from urban discharges. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Capitola are collaborating to address the new statewide National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit <ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER PROGRAM]</ref> requirements for agencies designated by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/ State Water Resources Control Board] (SWRCB). <br />
===Summary===<br />
The City of Capitola relies on Santa Cruz County to provide major storm drain services through the Santa Cruz County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Zone 5 <ref>[http://www.plancapitola.com/PDF/White_Paper_Five.pdf City of Capitola General Plan Update, 2011]</ref>. Existing infrastructure used to manage floods and storm water drainage includes: above ground drainage ditches and water courses; pump stations, catch basins and outfalls. Five main storm drain outfalls discharge storm water into Soquel Creek. Three outfalls flow directly to the Capitola Beach and four outfalls discharge storm water onto the coastal cliffs near Grand Avenue and Cliff Drive. In 2002, the City of Capitola received a grant from the SWRCB for $100,000 to create a master plan for the storm drains in the Village area. The master plan identifies key water quality components and outlines the design and building specifics for dry weather diversions. In 2004, Capitola also constructed the "Lawn Way" pump station in order to alleviate localized flooding. in march of 2011, The City of Capitola experienced major flooding in the Village when the [http://www.ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/vLookup/Flood%20Press%20Release%201/$file/Flood%20Press%20Release%201.pdf Nobel Gulch Drain Inlet] failed. Corrections are being made through the installation of new infrastructure and increased monitoring and maintenance.<br />
<br />
===Watersheds===<br />
*Soquel Creek<br />
*Nobel Gulch<br />
*Arana-Rodeo Gulch<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
<br />
*[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/stormwater/muni_phase2/ms4enrollment/stakeholder_meetings.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Environmental Health<br />
*County of Santa Cruz Department of Public Works<br />
*Santa Cruz County Sanitation District<br />
*City of Capitola Public Works Department<br />
*California Coastal Commission <br />
*Soquel Creek Water District <br />
*Santa Cruz Water District <br />
*Capitola Village Resident’s Association <br />
*Capitola Village Wharf and Business Improvement Association <br />
*Save Our Shores <br />
*Ecology Action<br />
*Coastal Watershed Council<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/ Resource Conservation District of Santa Cruz County](RCDSCC). This organization addresses local natural resource issues through a local partnership with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Resource Conservation District currently has two programs that address habitat restoration: the Healthy Watersheds Restoration Program (HWRP) focuses on smaller-scale restoration projects, while the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP) focuses on larger-scale restoration projects.<br />
<br />
===Regulatory Background===<br />
Many laws and policies have been implemented and enforced over the last few decades to reduce pollutants and contaminants being discharged into the Soquel Creek, and upper Arana-Rodeo Culch Watershed.<br />
<br />
===Federal===<br />
*Clean Water Act[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cwa.cfm?program_id=45](CWA) regulates urban runoff and other "non-point source" discharges.<br />
[http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] (NPDES): This program regulates storm water discharges from municipal storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction areas, and industrial activities. The program focuses on point sources, and operators of point sources are required to receive an NPDES permit before they can discharge. The program aims to prevent and reduce storm water runoff containing harmful pollutants from entering local water bodies.<br />
*Storm Water Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45 NPDES Permit Program Basics]<br />
***'''Phase I''' Issued in 1990 and requires "medium" and "large" cities or certain counties with populations of 100,000 or more to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm MS4s Overview].<br />
***'''Phase II''' Issued in 1999 and requires regulated small MS4s in urbanized areas and small MS4s outside the urbanized areas that are designated by the permitting authority, to obtain NPDES permit coverage for their storm water discharges.[http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf Storm Water Phase II Final Rule]<br />
<br />
===State===<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/constpermits.shtml] for construction General Permit regulates construction acitivites that disturb one or more acres of soil with required permits for related storm water discharges. The permit requires measures to prevent erosion and reduce sediment and other pollutants in their discharges for the entire construction period.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 97-03-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/gen_indus.shtml#indus] for industrial activities must use the best technology available to reduce pollutants discharged on their premises. In addition, they are required to develop both a storm water pollution prevention plan and a way to monitor their progress.<br />
*SWRCB Order No. 2003-0005-DWQ [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/phase_ii_municipal.shtml Municipal]<br />
*Order No. 2004-0008-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Aquatic Pesticides]<br />
*Order No. 97-10-DWQ: [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/ Discharges to Land By Domestic Wastewater Systems]<br />
<br />
===Regional===<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
*TMDL [http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_impaired_waters.tmdl_report?p_tmdl_id=39466 TMDL Document for Soquel Lagoon, Soquel Creek, And Noble Gulch Fecal Coliform Tmdl]<br />
*Cumulative TMDLs by Pollutant [http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=18060001&p_cycle=&p_report_type=T California, San Lorenzo-Soquel Watershed]<br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
<br />
*2003 Replaced sewer lines along the downtown Esplanade area. <br />
*2004 Village Drainage Improvement Plan drafted.<br />
*2004-2006 Coastal Non-point Source Pollution Control Grant provided by Proposition 13 funds<br />
*2005 The City conducted wet weather and dry weather video analysis of sewer lines adjacent to Soquel Creek.<br />
*2007 The City receives a second [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/beaches/cbi_projects/docs/summaries/034_capitola.pdf Clean Beaches Grant] to implement key projects identified in the Village Drainage Improvement Plan. Capitola used the grant to construct a treatment 1/4 acre wetland on city owned property adjacent to Soquel Lagoon in the downtown area. <br />
*2008 Second round of sewer line replacement along the downtown Esplanade area.<br />
<br />
* 2010 [http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/pdf/SWMP-NOV_2010.pdf Storm Water Management Program November 2010]<br />
<br />
===Resources at Stake===<br />
===Management Strategies===<br />
*'Slow it, Spread it, Sink it' [http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/media/brochures/pdf/HomeDrainageGuide.v25.pdf A Homeowner’s Guide to Greening Storm Water Runoff]<br />
*Capitola Storm Water Treatment Wetland: designed by [http://kestrel-inc.com/portfolio/capitola/ Kestrel Consulting]and funded in part by the California State Water Resources Control Board. The man-made wetland treats water from Soquel Creek and two storm drains prior to discharge to the Soquel Lagoon. The Coastal Watershed Council provides ongoing water quality monitoring.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.rcdsantacruz.org/pages/programs/watershed-education.php RCDSCC Watershed Educational Program: Watershed Cruzin']<br />
*[http://www.soquelcreekwater.org/ Soquel Creek Water District]<br />
*[http://ci.capitola.ca.us/capcity.nsf/PubWIntro.html City of Capitola, Public Works Department]<br />
*[http://www.dpw.co.santa-cruz.ca.us/npdes/npdes.html County of Santa Cruz Stormwater Program]<br />
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==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ambers