http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=MichaelG&feedformat=atomCCoWS Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-19T02:34:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.2http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-09T18:26:03Z<p>MichaelG: /* Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile) */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast. To see more on invasive species in California's Central Coast see [[Invasive Species of California's Central Coast]]<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> As of today it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="wiki"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="wiki"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-09T18:22:44Z<p>MichaelG: /* Asian Clam */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast. To see more on invasive species in California's Central Coast see [[Invasive Species of California's Central Coast]]<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> As of today it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Species_of_CaliforniaInvasive Species of California2019-04-07T19:47:26Z<p>MichaelG: /* Plants */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Aquatic Invasive Species==<br />
<br />
===Quagga and Zebra Mussels===<br />
<br />
Invasive quagga and zebra mussels are a major threat to freshwater ecosystems. They are small [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia bivalves] that: reproduce rapidly, deplete nutrients, jeopardize power and water infrastructures, damage ecosystems, and destroy recreational areas. The first confirmed record of Zebra mussels in California occurred at San Justo Reservoir on January 10, 2008<ref name="muss"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/quagga-mussels</ref>. Quagga and zebra mussels continue to spread and have infested 39 water bodies throughout the state. A map of all infested waters can be found [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=5 here]. The [https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives Invasive Species Program]'s goal is to reduce the negative effects of these two species of mussel in the waterways of California. The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] is involved in efforts to prevent the introduction of these species into the state, detect and respond to introductions when they occur, and prevent the spread of invasive species that have become established. Boaters are required to have their watercrafts inspected and cleaned at specific check stations around the state. For information on boating restrictions and inspections please contact the waterbody manager directly. <ref> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives</ref> See [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zebra_Mussels_at_Rossigh_Bay,_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_366521.jpg Zebra/Quagga mussels here].<br />
<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnails (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) were likely introduced in Idaho and brought west from shipments of sportfish and their eggs. They are a vigorous invasive species and are becoming abundant in California's Central Coast. See more information at [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]].<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam (''Corbicula fluminea'')===<br />
Common across the entire country, the Asian Clam has made its way to California's Central Coast. See [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]] for more information.<br />
===Grass Carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'')===<br />
Grass Carp are the staple invasive fish in California <ref name="carp"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species</ref>. In the 1960s, they were used for aquaculture, but were soon released into natural areas <ref name="oof"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Grass-Carp</ref>. Grass Carp prefer deep, warm water bodies <ref name="oof"/>. They have voracious appetites and will readily eat much of the vegetation in lentic water bodies. When the carp remove vegetation from the water bodies, there is less food for native fish, and the increased water clarity encourages [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom algal blooms] which can kill everything in the water <ref name="oof"/>. Grass Carp also carry [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=2798 Asian tapeworms], which can harm and kill native fish species <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=2798</ref>. Report sightings of the Grass Carp to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)| CDFW]]. See a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_Carp.jpg Grass Carp here].<br />
<br />
==Plants==<br />
===Giant Reed (''Arundo donax'')===<br />
The Giant Reed was introduced to keep riparian areas stable, but they have become successful invasive species and kill off other plants. See more at [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]].<br />
<br />
===Iceplant (''Carpobrotus edulis'')===<br />
Iceplant was introduced from Africa to help stabilize soil. It is common in California's Central Coast. See more at [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]].<br />
<br />
===English/Common Ivy ''(Hedera helix)''===<br />
The Common Ivy is a well-known invasive species, given the invasive rank of "high" from the [https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hedera-helix-profile/ California Invasive Plant Council]. The ivy is known to grow rapidly and take nutrients before other native plants can <ref name="ivy"> https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4023</ref>. The plant causes no major harm to humans ([https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4023 minor dermatitis]), but competes with other plants by wrapping around them or growing above them. Saplings and young plants are at a disadvantage especially, because they are denied sunlight and killed off <ref name="ipc">https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/hedera-helix-profile/</ref> . The Common Ivy is a hardy plant with leaves covered in a waxy secretion, making traditional herbicides almost ineffective towards it. Keep all ivy trimmed to prevent its over-spreading. See [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:English_ivy_(25563313181).jpg English Ivy here].<br />
<br />
===Spanish Broom (''Spartium junceum'')===<br />
Spanish Broom is a tall, woody shrub that spreads quickly once it colonizes an area. The rapid colonization prevents native flowers and shrubs from growing <ref name="sb"> https://www.cal-ipc.org/resources/library/publications/ipcw/report79/</ref>. Spanish Broom does not provide nutrients for many organisms, as it consists of mostly dead wood when it is mature. Two species of beetle ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruchidius_villosus Bruchidius villosus] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exapion_fuscirostre Exapion fuscirostre]) have the potential to be used as [https://www.fs.fed.us/research/invasive-species/control/biological.php biological controls] to keep Spanish Broom numbers down because they feed on the plant and its seeds. See a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Broom.jpg Spanish Broom].<br />
<br />
===Barb goatgrass (''Aegilops triuncialis'')===<br />
Barb goatgrass was brought to America from Europe and Asia, and quickly spread in grassy habitats. The grass is known to be a [https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/paf/aegilops-triuncialis-plant-assessment-form/ noxious weed] and is unpalatable to most livestock. Barb goatgrass is able to spread because it is not being eaten by large livestock, and as it spreads, it creates a monoculture and kills all other plant life in its path <ref name="gg"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegilops_triuncialis</ref>. The seeds of Barb goatgrass can easily be invade other areas by transportation on cars, people, and other animals <ref name="gg"/>. Control measures for the grass include prescribed burns and selective mowing when the grass is still young with no seeds produced. Barb goatgrass, like most grasses, has deep, broad roots; thus, mowing is not always an effective control measure. The only effective control measure is the spraying of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate glyphosate], a common pesticide. The decrease in Barb goatgrass comes at the price of killing all plant life that is sprayed with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate glyphosate]. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegilops_triuncialis Barb goatgrass here].<br />
<br />
==Fungi==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==Reptiles==<br />
===Red-eared Slider (''Trachemys scripta elegans'')===<br />
Red-eared slider turtles (RES) are common pets, named for the red stripes on their head near their ears. They have entered local lentic water bodies two ways: 1) escaping captivity and 2) being released by their owners. RES typically invade large ponds and compete with the native aquatic and semi-aquatic vertebrates. The ability for RES to out-compete natives comes from its large size, making it able to claim nesting and basking spaces. RES carry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella ''Salmonella''], as most reptiles do, which affects the humans who come into contact with the it and the water they reside in <ref name="res"> https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=11552</ref>. Native pond turtles are affected by parasites and diseases RES carry, which they have no immunity to<ref name="res"/>. Efforts to stop the sale of RES have been implemented since 1975, but because RES has already hybridized with native turtles, their eradication is becoming increasingly difficult. <ref name="res"/> A healthy RES can reach 20 years of age, making them a chronic threat to freshwater ponds. To help in the eradication of RES, report any sightings to the local Park Services or [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] <ref name="res"/>. See the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red-eared_Slider_(14585091976).jpg Red-eared Slider here].<br />
<br />
===Northern and Southern Watersnakes (''Nerodia sipedon'' and ''Nerodia fasciata'', respectively)===<br />
These two snakes are amphibious predators that feed on a variety of animals, including: frogs, salamanders, fish, and rodents <ref name="nws"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Northern-Watersnake</ref><ref name="sws"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Southern-Watersnake</ref>. Northern Watersnakes are primarily aquatic, seldom hunting outside of lentic water bodies <ref name="nws"/>, while Southern watersnakes hunt aquatic and terrestrial animals <ref name="sws"/>. Northern Waternsnakes are mostly found in Northern California <ref name="nws"/>, while Southern Watersnakes have been found in Sacramento, Yolo, and Los Angeles counties <ref name="sws"/>. The two snakes cause large decreases their prey populations, and are also competition for California's endangered native [https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/reptiles/giant_garter_snake/index.html giant garder snake]. Southern watersnakes are resistant to brackish water and like their northern counterparts, have voracious appetites <ref name="nws"/><ref name="sws"/>. If these snakes are spotted, their presence should be reported to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CFDW]]. See a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Water_Snake_-_Flickr_-_treegrow.jpg Northern Watersnake] and a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_watersnake_(Nerodia_fasciata)_caught_near_Yuma,_Arizona_(27564086225).jpg Southern Watersnake].<br />
<br />
==Birds==<br />
===Wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'')===<br />
Wild turkeys are common across California, specifically in vegetated areas near urbanization. They were first imported in the 1600s for hunting, and again in the 1990s. Turkeys have been in California for many decades, but recently, they have become a concern for local ecosystems because of their ability to compete with native species. It is still under debate whether a turkey is an invasive species, however. Turkeys are considered charismatic birds and enjoyed by many, but because they are large birds that move as a group, they are able to eat more than the smaller native ground birds<ref name="gobble"> https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/california-s-wild-turkey-troubles/</ref>. Some ecologists believe that turkeys out-compete local native birds such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_quail California Quail], but previous studies found this is incorrect<ref name="quail"> https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/538/MP_ang6_a_200805.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 </ref><ref name="turkeys as bystanders"> https://ag.tennessee.edu/fwf/Documents/CHarper/Do%20wild%20turkeys%20influence%20quail%20or%20grouse%20populations.pdf</ref>. Short-term experiments have shown that quail and turkey share common habitat, but quail prefer to live beside roads, where turkeys prefer to live near large trees where they roost at night <ref name="gobble"/><ref name="quail"/> As adults, turkeys do not have many predators besides humans during the turkey hunting season, but as chicks they are prey for bobcats and other medium sized predators. Turkeys are generalists and have no preference for food; arguably eating whatever they can swallow. This, along with their increase in populations, ''may'' serve as a threat for local ground birds, but is not proven<ref name="gobble"/><ref name="quail"/>.<br />
<br />
Turkeys are common in wooded areas <ref name="quail"/><ref name="hunt"> https://www.nwtf.org/hunt/wild-turkey-basics/habitat</ref> in Marina, located in the California Central Coast (specifically on Inter-Garrison Road), but avoid highly urbanized areas <ref name="hunt"/> such as the California State University Monterey Bay Campus.<br />
<br />
===Parrots and Parakeets (Family ''Psittacidae'')===<br />
Parrots and Parakeets are seen as exotic pets by many, but they are an invasive species in California when they are released by their owner or escape. Parrots and Parakeets (Psittacids) were brought to America in the late 19th to mid 20th centuries, escaped the pet trade, and created their own small, isolated populations <ref name="history"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_parrot</ref>. Psittacids play the niche-stealing role as an invasive species and will compete with native bird species that forage on seeds and fruit<ref name="parr"> https://www.kcet.org/redefine/californias-parrots-pleasure-or-problem</ref>. Native birds outnumber the Psittacids drastically, and as such, ecologists are not concerned with their presence because they are not in large enough numbers to cause food web collapse in native populations <ref name="parr"/>. Psittacids are common in San Francisco, but are not encountered as much in central to Southern California <ref name="parr"/>.<br />
<br />
==Amphibians==<br />
===American bullfrog (''Lithobates catesbeianus'')===<br />
Bullfrogs are large amphibians that will eat whatever they can fit in their mouths and out-compete their native counterparts <ref name="bu">https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog</ref>. Bullfrogs have voracious appetites, and eat rodents, bats, and other vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic<ref name="bu"/>. They were first released into the Western states as a [https://www.fs.fed.us/research/invasive-species/control/biological.php biologic control], but their numbers quickly increased <ref name="bu"/>. These large frogs are also known to be resistant carriers of the [http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/ chytrid fungus] known to infect and kill many other types of amphibians such as native frogs and salamanders. Shorebirds like herons and cranes will eat bullfrogs if they are present, but the frogs emit a painful screech when trapped or harmed, which usually causes their predator to release them. Some native snake venom is ineffective against the bullfrog, making them essentially a species with no predators. Bullfrogs will tolerate cold or hot temperatures by hibernating or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation aestivating] until the temperature suits its preferences <ref name="bu"/>. Report any bullfrog sightings to a local wildlife agency (i.e., [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or State Parks). See an [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Bullfrog_(Rana_catesbeiana)_(8741684912).jpg American Bullfrog here].<br />
<br />
==Mammals==<br />
===Feral Cats and Dogs (''Felis catus'' and ''Canis lupus familiaris'', respectively)===<br />
An overpopulation of domestic cats and dogs invariably leads to portions of these populations to become feral and homeless. Although they are domesticated animals, these mammals do not completely lose their ability to hunt and survive without the help of humans. Feral dogs are mainly found in very urban areas, where they feed on trash and discarded food, and hunt in packs for bigger prey, such as ungulates and other mammals <ref name="oof">https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271867/1-s2.0-S0921800905X01379/1-s2.0-S0921800904003027/main.pdf?x-amz-security-token=AgoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEE0aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCICubgZ6lM8br%2BIBB7kkD0d2VGXL47zmTQvFHByA9dfmqAiEAiGSX6l2vX0ZvRNR5egd8VOpfDtEPUT9S3NUmyCGhsncq4wMI9v%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDE%2FACr3anmt4VAoGDiq3A0JW9d6saGpK2O1c7kgpGGqpDjL288e2HgtJedQeWcQL18wwDlOnGHldOYjkIfuBmfBA%2F6jSTjV3dx86SkeWL5SnytpEyIKxSS%2Bf3CoBqdVbECI0S0Eh5NO6EtJrkfndekKFMs5r4yW0qfL%2F3S%2FCuKWewB%2BorwJCga4DdPrscTvD%2BOrg09cQVCEcMmsd2EkLq7qDBe5meU8Mph2cldSe2Fco6VZtVNnsqAORn%2BmkpiSxugnb6M0rO8RqXeUOa4zU5Adg6cma9DG%2FRV5U0v%2FljWprOCEh80N2%2B3Ea0AZN3JmHrQkxbTfnSX1QqA3rXQ5dS3o7Ni1VeWh8v7maYECGu3klUE80R732c7QQSzksri6UrqLRVq6oLKfFCNJPCpT9Xfe2TH0hYpiEtghKgguNp6iixNuzV%2F9QjEvOq0LdeSvYpnyNiVw2LnR0f9v3avDc7mkWMGcxTrnb2ggYVy5nOcq%2FaNxXnifccbcYh0oFOLnyedpZXLub213onMIIGLK1ahiBq2DXqrW9GONd5zvhmRnqPa%2Fui9jYPZlCNyuyt84Q0ILKqIThKfrTTewkejp%2FJFtWBGEQGmAw0Jjq5AU6tAEdfNTaPwwtnGoj%2BfF9athUsEdpiwmTeAJPdvE%2BbL%2BG70K8ZpbJwpZ%2FSL6AjIgMTRL%2BlcX8tCxpF%2FsQDlZ8q8aA8b%2FX7Gs%2FrCLVJJ5TPXbKyVtTioXdF9jbuQ9LvdKiUvQ7cYPrfLi5yIiw1d%2Fkj0%2FEfFU6i5%2Fn6I%2Bluo3VfCS9D3r52RP1oR46D1nljpAzlb2GTGeLSwmmZhofb6QMb0K%2B6dcSDWEt%2Bz4eEe6jUyq0pdr8nHE%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQ3PHCVTYQJIHMTO7&Expires=1553636876&Signature=hhVHDqaGqiJDGiOrdPTZ%2F97bwXg%3D&hash=ac1bc64ae9515b4b71ecc365cddfaed9ef26c7147825b4cdc7a2e2d6fde645b0&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0921800904003027&tid=spdf-cac71c1c-7c00-49e5-acf8-4fa63c90a400&sid=9af7d78a287f524d683b491668d30ac1b6b0gxrqa&type=client "Feral dogs as invasive species"</ref>. Feral cats are more infamous for hunting local songbirds, and because they hunt so frequently, many of the songbird populations decline <ref name="bird"> https://abcbirds.org/threat/cats-and-other-invasives/</ref>. These hunted populations have the potential to be endangered and threatened species of birds<ref name="bird"/>. Domesticated cats also pose a threat to the local bird populations because of their tendency to hunt for enjoyment and their large population (95 million <ref> https://www.statista.com/statistics/198102/cats-in-the-united-states-since-2000/</ref>) <ref name="bird"/>. Both feral groups are capable of attacking people when provoked or for no apparent reason<ref name="oof"/>. Report any dangerous feral cat or dog to the local animal control service.<br />
<br />
===Nutria (''Myocastor coypus'')===<br />
Nutria, commonly called ''Coypu'', are large rodents typically seen on the East coast as invasive species, but they were spotted in Merced, California in 2017 <ref name="nut"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coypu</ref>. Nutria can be compared to beavers in that they are semi-aquatic and eat the vegetation in and around water. These large rodents mainly eat grasses and small shrubs that hold wetland soil together. Nutria are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer ecosystem engineers] known to convert wetlands to open water <ref name="nut"/>. The conversion of wetland habitat to open water not only removes organisms that rely on vegetation to survive, but also destroys habitat for future use. Wetlands are already a shrinking habitat and their conservation is necessary for biodiversity. Report Nutria sightings to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] immediately, as they can cause expensive or irreparable damage <ref name="nut"/>. See a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nutria_(Myocastor_coypus)_in_a_partially_frozen_river_Ljubljanica.jpg Nutria here].<br />
<br />
==Insects==<br />
===The Asian Longhorned Beetle (''Anoplophora glabripennis'')===<br />
The Asian Longhorned Beetle(ALB) have not been recognized as invasive species in California, but a graduate student from California State University Monterey Bay saw one in Modoc County, California in July of 2018. All states are at risk of ALB infestation. <br />
<br />
ALB are large, black and white beetles in the family [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhorn_beetle Cerambycidae] which bore into and feed on a variety of hardwood trees <ref name= "alb"> https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/asian-longhorned-beetle/About-ALB</ref>. Like all beetles, they are capable of flight, but they are mostly transported as eggs and larvae in imported firewood<ref name="alb"/>. The life cycle of the ALB occurs in the hardwood trees that the mother bores into. When enough ALB are present in a tree, it will die and the adults find more trees to reproduce in. Adults are present year-round because larvae can overwinter, causing a staggered release of adults into the environment <ref name="alb"/>. ALB are capable of killing entire forests if enough of them are present. <ref name="alb"/> The ways to reduce the spread of ALB are to report their presence to local rangers, buy only locally produced firewood, and do not enter ALB quarantined areas of forests. <ref name="alb"/> The eggs of ALB can be transferred in many ways, including firewood, lumber, and on people, resulting in their potential widespread distribution. If spotted, ALB presence should be reported to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] immediately. See an [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asian_longhorn_beetle_invasive_species.jpg Asian Longhorned Beetle here].<br />
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===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine ant is a cosmopolitan invasive species, but is very common in the Central Coast of California because of the Mediterranean climate. See more on [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]].<br />
<br />
===Ambrosia Beetles (Curculionidae subfamilies ''Platypodinae'' and ''Scoltyinae'')===<br />
These unique beetles in two weevil subfamilies with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis symbiotic relationship] with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_fungi Ambrosia fungi]. The beetles and the fungi feed on the inner walls of the tree bark they infest <ref name="amb"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_beetle</ref><ref name="fun"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_fungi</ref>. These beetles mostly infest dead trees, but they have been recorded infesting stressed and healthy trees. Ambrosia beetles and their fungal symbiotic partners infest non-native trees invading native forets <ref name="amb"/>. Ambrosia beetles have not been recorded to show any threat to native trees, and have little to no negative ecological effects. See an [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trypodendron_lineatum_lateral.jpg Ambrosia Beetle (''Platypodinae'') here].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:46:47Z<p>MichaelG: /* Other Invertberates */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast. To see more on invasive species in California's Central Coast see [[Invasive Species of California's Central Coast]]<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
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It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
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==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Species_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Species of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:46:25Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
The following list shows all the pages on invasive species in California:<br />
* [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
* [[Invasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]]</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Species_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Species of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:45:29Z<p>MichaelG: Created page with "An environmental summary created by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB. The foll..."</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
The following list shows all the pages on invasive species in California:<br />
[[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
[[Invasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast]]<br />
[[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]]</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:43:13Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast. To see more on invasive species in California's Central Coast see [[Invasive Species of California's Central Coast]]<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:36:15Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast. To see more on invasive species in California's Central Coast see [[Invasive species of California's Central Coast]]<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_the_Central_CoastInvasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast2019-04-07T19:34:10Z<p>MichaelG: MichaelG moved page Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast to Invasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Invasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast]]</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:34:09Z<p>MichaelG: MichaelG moved page Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast to Invasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:33:24Z<p>MichaelG: /* Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile) */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA <ref> <https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:32:04Z<p>MichaelG: /* Asian Clam */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref>https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=92 </ref>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:28:11Z<p>MichaelG: /* Insects */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref name="oo"/>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Terrestrial Invertebrates==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:24:38Z<p>MichaelG: /* Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref name="oo"/>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sighting of a RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission with the land they are present on to catch and trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is most likely that the infestation of the RSC in California has originated from aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=217 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Insects==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. AA are among the smallest ants in California, which is why they are so successful at being invasive <ref name= "aa"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T19:13:29Z<p>MichaelG: /* Asian Clam */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Currently it has been sighted in the Arroyo Grande Creek, the Salinas River, and the Pajaro river <ref> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?SpeciesID=92</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref name="oo"/>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sightings of RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission to the land they are present on and catch them to trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Insects==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. AA are among the smallest ants in California, which is why they are so successful at being invasive <ref name= "aa"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-07T18:42:45Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s. <ref> https://sites.google.com/a/ucsc.edu/symposium-for-undergraduate-research/past-symposia/2018/program-book </ref><br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Its most recent recorded sighting in California's Central Coast was in 2018 near San Francisquito Creek <ref name= "oo"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=92&State=CA&YearFrom=2018&YearTo=2018</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref name="oo"/>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sightings of RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission to the land they are present on and catch them to trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Insects==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. AA are among the smallest ants in California, which is why they are so successful at being invasive <ref name= "aa"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T20:23:07Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th, 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <ref name= "SV"> </ref><br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management.<ref name= "SV"> </ref><br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref name="pdf"> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
==Funding==<br />
The SVBGSA is a self-funded agency that plans to seek its funding primarily through grants and other funding opportunities. Funding will also come from fees assesed by the agency under existing laws for public agencies. <ref name="pdf"></ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T20:21:26Z<p>MichaelG: /* SGMA */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th, 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <ref name= "SV"> </ref><br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management.<ref name= "SV"> </ref><br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
==Funding==<br />
The SVBGSA is a self-funded agency that plans to seek its funding primarily through grants and other funding opportunities. Funding will also come from fees assesed by the agency under existing laws for public agencies.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T20:21:06Z<p>MichaelG: /* SGMA */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th, 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <ref name= "SV"> </ref><br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management.<br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
==Funding==<br />
The SVBGSA is a self-funded agency that plans to seek its funding primarily through grants and other funding opportunities. Funding will also come from fees assesed by the agency under existing laws for public agencies.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T20:20:48Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th, 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <ref name= "SV"><br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management.<br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
==Funding==<br />
The SVBGSA is a self-funded agency that plans to seek its funding primarily through grants and other funding opportunities. Funding will also come from fees assesed by the agency under existing laws for public agencies.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Invasive_Invertebrates_of_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionInvasive Invertebrates of California's Central Coast Region2019-04-04T20:04:18Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
This is a list of some of the well-known invasive invertebrate species of California's Central Coast. The intention of this page is to educate the reader on the species' identification, their harm to ecosystems, and how to report sightings. This list does not contain ''all'' invasive invertebrate species found in California's Central Coast.<br />
==Aquatic Invertebrates==<br />
===New Zealand Mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'')===<br />
New Zealand Mudsnails (NZMS) are extremely small snails capable of collapsing entire food webs. They are found in freshwater, but are able to survive in brackish water. NZMS are considered generalists and will eat the food that other benthic macroinvertebrates rely on for nutrients.<ref name="nzms"> https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/invasives/species/nzmudsnail</ref> They are so generalistic that they will out-compete important species that serve as food for local fish (i.e., the larvae of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies), all of which have specific [https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/education/upload/Functional-Feeding-Groups.pdf feeding habits]. Once these prey species are out-competed, fish will attempt to feed on NZMS, but they are incapable of being digested and simply pass through the gut of the fish without harm<ref name="nzms"/>. NZMS reproduce asexually, and can create one million clones over the course of one summer.<ref name="nzms"/> Unpublished research from California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) suggests that NZMS can move against currents of 74cm/s.<br />
<br />
Professors and students at CSUMB have found NZMS in the Carmel River and Garland Ranch. Their movement ''within'' the Carmel River cannot be stopped because of their small size and large populations, save for strategically draining areas of the Carmel River. It is possible to stop NZMS movement ''across'' rivers by cleaning gear thoroughly with all purpose cleaners (to kill the snails) and letting the gear dry for 72 hours<ref name="dry"> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_015233.pdf</ref> before it goes in the water again (to desiccate any snails that weren't killed). Dogs that go into any body of water in the California Central Coast should also be cleaned thoroughly and not allowed in water again for 72 hours to prevent the movement of NZMS across water bodies. Report the presence of NZMS to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] or the State Parks System immediately.<br />
<br />
===Asian Clam===<br />
The Asian Clam, found in most freshwater bodies in America, is one of the most common invasive species in America. <ref name="wiki.clam"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbicula_fluminea#As_an_invasive_species</ref> Its most recent recorded sighting in California's Central Coast was in 2018 near San Francisquito Creek <ref name= "oo"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=92&State=CA&YearFrom=2018&YearTo=2018</ref>. Asian Clams are a threat to the other organisms that occur in the water bodies they reside in because they will filter out all the plankton in the water in large groups. The lack of plankton not only reduces food for the planktivores in the water, but also encourages algal growth because of increased water clarity <ref name="wiki.clam"/>. The [https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar09b_eutro.html algal growth] promotes anoxic conditions, killing all life in the water besides the algae. Asian Clams are very dense in their growth, leading to clogging of waterways if their growth goes unchecked <ref name="oo"/>. One of their most successful traits at being invasive is that when Asian Clams are in their infantile stage, they are nearly invisible to the naked eye and extremely easy to transport. Asian Clams lead to economic losses due to repairs of power plants and water ways. They also pose a large threat to the already endangered native clams of the areas it resides in. If Asian Clams are spotted, report them immediately to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) | CFDW]].<br />
<br />
===Red Swamp Crayfish (''Procambarus clarkii'')===<br />
Red Swamp Crayfish (RSC) have been present in Monterey County freshwater since 1959<ref name ="age"> https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/CollectionInfo.aspx?SpeciesID=217&State=CA&HUCNumber=18060000</ref>. RSC are a distinct dark red color and grow rapidly<ref name="craywiki">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii</ref>. As juveniles, RSC are often mistaken for native crayfish, allowing them to grow into ecologically harmful adults without intervention. RSC's main impact on native crayfish is that they efficiently out-compete them because of their large size and populations<ref name="craywiki"/>. Unlike their native counterparts, RSC are capable of surviving in dry climates and have been recorded traveling across dry land<ref name="craywiki"/>. RSC are commonly caught by avid anglers and either used for bait or eaten. Report any sightings of RSC to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] or request permission to the land they are present on and catch them to trade them with scientific research entities <ref> http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/redswampcrayfish</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Insects==<br />
===Argentine Ant (''Linepithema humile'')===<br />
The Argentine Ant (AA) has been introduced across the country, and is common in the Central Coast because of the Mediterranean climate. There is extensive literature on this species of ant because of its prevalency <ref name="wiki"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Linepithema_humile </ref>. AA are among the smallest ants in California, which is why they are so successful at being invasive <ref name= "aa"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html</ref>. Few ants, including the AA, create [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies supercolonies] :the interbreeding and co-operation of different nests of the same species<ref name ="SC"> http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Supercolonies</ref>. Supercolonies aid in the ant's ability to dominate whatever habitat they are in by dramatically increasing its numbers <ref name="wiki"/>. AA pose no threat to humans, but they are considered both an agriculture and household pest. Most ants that invade homes are AA. <ref name="aa"/> AA are one of many ant species that have a symbiotic relationship with pest insects such as aphids, thus the two pests work in conjunction with one another. <ref name="aa"/> The success of the AA comes at the price of depleting the abundance of native ant species (i.e., [http://antwiki.org/wiki/Camponotus Carpenter] and [http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Pheidole Big-Headed ants]). <ref name="aa"/><br />
<br />
Ants serve as prey for many invertebrate predators, including other ants, but AA are so small that they are seldom sought after for food. Few species specialize in predating on the AA, including some spiders in the Zordiidae family ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_spider Zordiidae, an ant-mimic spider]) but few to none occur in California. There is no current control method for AA except for the eradication from households using insecticides.<br />
<br />
===''Myoporum'' Thrips (''Klambothrips myopori'')===<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips Thrips] are small, thin insects that can range from yellow to black, depending on their life stage. ''Myoporum'' thrips feed on plants in the genus, ''Myoporum''; specifically ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum M. laetum]'' <ref name="lae"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_laetum </ref> and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium M. parvifolium]'' <ref name="parv"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_parvifolium </ref>. These two plants are used in gardens and for soil stability, respectively <ref name="thrips"> http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74165.html</ref>. Californians, including those in the Central Coast, use these plants because they are drought-resistant<ref name="lae"/><ref name="parv"/><ref name="thrips"/>. ''K. myopori'' is common in the Central Coast and some populations have been recorded from Marin to Santa Barbara counties<ref name="info"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/myoporum_thrips.html</ref>. The thrips cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall galling] in the plant tissue (mainly leaves) they infest, which can lead to severe undergrowth and death<ref name="info"/>. ''K. myopori'', like most herbivorous insects, has wings and is capable of dispersing to new host plants, but they are mainly distributed as eggs when infested plants are distributed<ref name="info"/>. Management practices for keeping ''K. myopori'' numbers down are biologic controls, such as predatory mites and lacewings. No pesticide research has proven useful in reducing ''K. myopori'' numbers, but as more ''Myoporum'' plants are being introduced <br />
as weeds, ''K. myopori'' may be reclassified from "invasive" to "beneficial"<ref name="info"/>. Report any sightings of galling on ''Myoporum'' plants to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]], but there will likely be no action taken because of the lack of resources to control ''K. myopori''<ref name="info"/>. Most ecologists will be interested in having a large data set of this thrip's range.<br />
<br />
==Spiders==<br />
===False Widow, "False Brown Widow", "European Spider" (''Steotada nobilis'')===<br />
The False Widow (FW) is a species that is common in European countries. Medically, their venom is not harmful to humans, causing no more harm than a bee sting, but there is a slim chance some people may have an allergic reaction similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock] or a high fever. There have been no records of this reaction in California currently<ref name="fw"> https://cisr.ucr.edu/european_spider.html</ref>. FW are similar in color to the common [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_geometricus Brown Widow], but can be identified by the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steatoda_nobilis,_Noble_False_Widow_Spider,_UK.jpg house shape on their abdomen]<ref name="fw"/>. FW pose little to no threat to humans, but they do invade niches that other native spiders currently fill, but because spiders are so widespread as a whole, ecologists are not particularly concerned with ecological effects FW may have<ref name="fw"/>. FW are believed to have been introduced in a Southern California county, and spread North. FW have been recorded in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo<ref name="fw"/>. Arachnologists are interested in FW's range<ref name="fw"/>. Submit any images of the FW to websites such as [https://www.inaturalist.org/ iNaturalist] and [https://bugguide.net BugGuide].<br />
<br />
==Other Invertberates==<br />
===Chytrid Fungus (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)===<br />
Chytrid fungi are a diverse group that likely arose in Asia sometime during the 20th century <ref name="cf"> https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/origin-of-frog-killing-chytrid-fungus-found-36616</ref>. The fungi have become widespread in recent years and are infamous for infecting amphibians such as frogs, toads, and salamanders with Chytridiomycosis<ref name="chy"> http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/</ref>. Chytrid fungus infects the amphibians in the water and kills them by thickening the outer layer of skin and stopping [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration cutaneous respiration]. The fungi spread quickly and efficiently through water and on equipment such as waders, shoes, nets, and even pets. To prevent the spread of chytrid fungi, clean any gear that has been in the water with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation QUAT] or a household cleaner with ammonium (i.e., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_409 409]). To clean pets, be sure to thoroughly wash them. For gear and pets, they must be completely dry before entering the water again to prevent further spread of chytrid fungi. Assume all freshwater has chytrid fungus present and clean gear and pets thoroughly. Report masses of dead amphibians to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T19:59:09Z<p>MichaelG: /* SGMA */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th, 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA.<br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management.<br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T19:58:33Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA.<br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T19:58:00Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA.<br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T19:22:48Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA.<br />
<br />
If the SVBGSA fails to follow the SGMA the Salinas Valley basin will then be managed by the California State government. Reasons for state intervention would be failing to implement a sustainable groundwater plan (SGP) by 2020, or failing to achieve sustainability by 2040. This threat of State control over groundwater basins gives incentive to local actors to compromise and achieve sustainable groundwater management. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act_(SGMA)Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)2019-04-04T19:10:28Z<p>MichaelG: /* Central Coast Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The SGMA was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 18, 2014. It is a three-bill package made up by AB 1739 (Dickinson), SB 1168 (Pavley), and SB 1319 (Pavley). These bill comprising the SGMA intend to attain sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042 . <ref name="gov">https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management</ref><br />
Proosition 1, a bond for many different water projetcs in California, supports GSAs manage groundwater with funding of $100 million. <ref>https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1/</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The stated mission of the SGMA is: "management and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained during the planning and implementation horizon without causing undesirable results.” The way that it approaches this goal is by requiring government and water agencies to halt overdraft of high and medium priority basins and bring these basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. These basins should reach sustainability within 20 years of the implementation of a sustainability plan.<br />
<br />
Such goals to avoid undesirable results in groundwater basins are:<br />
* Establish minimum standards for sustainable groundwater management<br />
* Provide local groundwater agencies with authority and financial assistance<br />
* Avoid or minimize subsidence<br />
* Improve data collection and understanding of groundwater basins<br />
* Increase groundwater storage and remove impediments to recharge<br />
* Minimize state intervention on local water governing agencies<br />
* Provide a more cost-efficient way to adjudicate water rights while ensuring due process and delays <ref> http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article= </ref><br />
<br />
The thinking behind the design of the SGMA is to leave management of groundwater to locally organized agencies and boards. To accomplish this goal the Department of Water Resources (DWR) will provide ongoing support through guidance and financial and technical assistance. The SGMA designates local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to manage basins sustainably and requires GSAs to adopt a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) in crucial groundwater basins.<ref name="gov"/><br />
<br />
==Governance / Authority==<br />
<br />
[[File:CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers in California categorized by priority. Photo from [https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf]<ref> [https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Basin-Prioritization] </ref>]]<br />
<br />
The SGMA was passed by the California state legislature and signed by Governor Brown into state law. <br />
<br />
The main previsions of the bill includes:<br />
* Requiring the formation of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)<br />
* Mandating the development and implementation of Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high- and medium-priority groundwater basins<br />
* Authorizing management tools for local agencies, including the ability to curtail pumping and to assess fees<br />
* Giving intervention authority to the State Water Resources Control Board if certain provisions are not met<br />
* Defining time frames for accomplishing goals<ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article=</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislation==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assembly member Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).<ref name="davis">http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/SGMA/]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== AB 1739 ===<br />
<br />
AB 1739 gives the [[California Department of Water Resources]] (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.<ref>[[http://groundwater.ca.gov/docs/sgma_brochure_jan_2015.pdf]]</ref><br />
<br />
AB 1739 also requires DWR to publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".<ref name=ppp>http://www.water.ca.gov/irwm/grants/sgwp/sgwp_docs/2017_SGWP_Grant_PSP_05082017.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
=== SB 1319 ===<br />
<br />
SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the SGMA was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. <ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1319</ref> <br />
Manageing groundwater is a challenging task as it is not visible and involves multiple actors in overlapping boundaries. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.<ref>http://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/groundwatermgthandbook_oct2015.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
=== SB 1168 ===<br />
<br />
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial.<ref name=":1">http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1168</ref> California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:<br />
* Require registration from a groundwater extraction facility<br />
* Require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements<br />
* Conduct inspections and obtain warrants<br />
<br />
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:<br />
* Investigate the California's groundwater basins every five years and report its findings to the California State Legislature<br />
* Look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize them based on adverse effects to the local habitats and streamflows<br />
<br />
=== SB 13 amendments ===<br />
<br />
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the [[California State Water Resources Control Board|State Water Resources Control Board]]. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.<ref>http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/gsa.cfm</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
GSA's that has been created for the central coast region:<br />
* [[Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA)]]<br />
* ...<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act_(SGMA)Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)2019-04-04T19:09:51Z<p>MichaelG: /* Governance / Authority */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The SGMA was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 18, 2014. It is a three-bill package made up by AB 1739 (Dickinson), SB 1168 (Pavley), and SB 1319 (Pavley). These bill comprising the SGMA intend to attain sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042 . <ref name="gov">https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management</ref><br />
Proosition 1, a bond for many different water projetcs in California, supports GSAs manage groundwater with funding of $100 million. <ref>https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1/</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The stated mission of the SGMA is: "management and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained during the planning and implementation horizon without causing undesirable results.” The way that it approaches this goal is by requiring government and water agencies to halt overdraft of high and medium priority basins and bring these basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. These basins should reach sustainability within 20 years of the implementation of a sustainability plan.<br />
<br />
Such goals to avoid undesirable results in groundwater basins are:<br />
* Establish minimum standards for sustainable groundwater management<br />
* Provide local groundwater agencies with authority and financial assistance<br />
* Avoid or minimize subsidence<br />
* Improve data collection and understanding of groundwater basins<br />
* Increase groundwater storage and remove impediments to recharge<br />
* Minimize state intervention on local water governing agencies<br />
* Provide a more cost-efficient way to adjudicate water rights while ensuring due process and delays <ref> http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article= </ref><br />
<br />
The thinking behind the design of the SGMA is to leave management of groundwater to locally organized agencies and boards. To accomplish this goal the Department of Water Resources (DWR) will provide ongoing support through guidance and financial and technical assistance. The SGMA designates local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to manage basins sustainably and requires GSAs to adopt a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) in crucial groundwater basins.<ref name="gov"/><br />
<br />
==Governance / Authority==<br />
<br />
[[File:CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers in California categorized by priority. Photo from [https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf]<ref> [https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Basin-Prioritization] </ref>]]<br />
<br />
The SGMA was passed by the California state legislature and signed by Governor Brown into state law. <br />
<br />
The main previsions of the bill includes:<br />
* Requiring the formation of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)<br />
* Mandating the development and implementation of Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high- and medium-priority groundwater basins<br />
* Authorizing management tools for local agencies, including the ability to curtail pumping and to assess fees<br />
* Giving intervention authority to the State Water Resources Control Board if certain provisions are not met<br />
* Defining time frames for accomplishing goals<ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article=</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislation==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assembly member Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).<ref name="davis">http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/SGMA/]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== AB 1739 ===<br />
<br />
AB 1739 gives the [[California Department of Water Resources]] (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.<ref>[[http://groundwater.ca.gov/docs/sgma_brochure_jan_2015.pdf]]</ref><br />
<br />
AB 1739 also requires DWR to publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".<ref name=ppp>http://www.water.ca.gov/irwm/grants/sgwp/sgwp_docs/2017_SGWP_Grant_PSP_05082017.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
=== SB 1319 ===<br />
<br />
SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the SGMA was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. <ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1319</ref> <br />
Manageing groundwater is a challenging task as it is not visible and involves multiple actors in overlapping boundaries. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.<ref>http://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/groundwatermgthandbook_oct2015.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
=== SB 1168 ===<br />
<br />
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial.<ref name=":1">http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1168</ref> California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:<br />
* Require registration from a groundwater extraction facility<br />
* Require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements<br />
* Conduct inspections and obtain warrants<br />
<br />
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:<br />
* Investigate the California's groundwater basins every five years and report its findings to the California State Legislature<br />
* Look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize them based on adverse effects to the local habitats and streamflows<br />
<br />
=== SB 13 amendments ===<br />
<br />
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the [[California State Water Resources Control Board|State Water Resources Control Board]]. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.<ref>http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/gsa.cfm</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
One GSA that has been created for the central coast region is the [[Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act_(SGMA)Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)2019-04-04T19:03:17Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The SGMA was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 18, 2014. It is a three-bill package made up by AB 1739 (Dickinson), SB 1168 (Pavley), and SB 1319 (Pavley). These bill comprising the SGMA intend to attain sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042 . <ref name="gov">https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management</ref><br />
Proosition 1, a bond for many different water projetcs in California, supports GSAs manage groundwater with funding of $100 million. <ref>https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1/</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The stated mission of the SGMA is: "management and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained during the planning and implementation horizon without causing undesirable results.” The way that it approaches this goal is by requiring government and water agencies to halt overdraft of high and medium priority basins and bring these basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. These basins should reach sustainability within 20 years of the implementation of a sustainability plan.<br />
<br />
Such goals to avoid undesirable results in groundwater basins are:<br />
* Establish minimum standards for sustainable groundwater management<br />
* Provide local groundwater agencies with authority and financial assistance<br />
* Avoid or minimize subsidence<br />
* Improve data collection and understanding of groundwater basins<br />
* Increase groundwater storage and remove impediments to recharge<br />
* Minimize state intervention on local water governing agencies<br />
* Provide a more cost-efficient way to adjudicate water rights while ensuring due process and delays <ref> http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article= </ref><br />
<br />
The thinking behind the design of the SGMA is to leave management of groundwater to locally organized agencies and boards. To accomplish this goal the Department of Water Resources (DWR) will provide ongoing support through guidance and financial and technical assistance. The SGMA designates local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to manage basins sustainably and requires GSAs to adopt a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) in crucial groundwater basins.<ref name="gov"/><br />
<br />
==Governance / Authority==<br />
<br />
[[File:CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers in California categorized by priority. Photo from [https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf]<ref [https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Basin-Prioritization] </ref>]]<br />
<br />
The SGMA was passed by the California state legislature and signed by Governor Brown into state law. <br />
<br />
The main previsions of the bill includes:<br />
* Requiring the formation of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)<br />
* Mandating the development and implementation of Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high- and medium-priority groundwater basins<br />
* Authorizing management tools for local agencies, including the ability to curtail pumping and to assess fees<br />
* Giving intervention authority to the State Water Resources Control Board if certain provisions are not met<br />
* Defining time frames for accomplishing goals<ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article=</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislation==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assembly member Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).<ref name="davis">http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/SGMA/]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== AB 1739 ===<br />
<br />
AB 1739 gives the [[California Department of Water Resources]] (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.<ref>[[http://groundwater.ca.gov/docs/sgma_brochure_jan_2015.pdf]]</ref><br />
<br />
AB 1739 also requires DWR to publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".<ref name=ppp>http://www.water.ca.gov/irwm/grants/sgwp/sgwp_docs/2017_SGWP_Grant_PSP_05082017.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
=== SB 1319 ===<br />
<br />
SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the SGMA was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. <ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1319</ref> <br />
Manageing groundwater is a challenging task as it is not visible and involves multiple actors in overlapping boundaries. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.<ref>http://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/groundwatermgthandbook_oct2015.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
=== SB 1168 ===<br />
<br />
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial.<ref name=":1">http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1168</ref> California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:<br />
* Require registration from a groundwater extraction facility<br />
* Require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements<br />
* Conduct inspections and obtain warrants<br />
<br />
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:<br />
* Investigate the California's groundwater basins every five years and report its findings to the California State Legislature<br />
* Look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize them based on adverse effects to the local habitats and streamflows<br />
<br />
=== SB 13 amendments ===<br />
<br />
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the [[California State Water Resources Control Board|State Water Resources Control Board]]. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.<ref>http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/gsa.cfm</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
One GSA that has been created for the central coast region is the [[Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:58:18Z<p>MichaelG: /* Organization */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<ref> https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:57:56Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groundwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
Each member gets one vote. For routine decisions a majority is needed (6 votes) and a super majority (8 votes) is needed to approve the groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), annual budgets, regulations, and fees.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:55:30Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== SGMA ==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act required that every basin of high- to medium-risk create a Sustainable Groudnwater Plan (SGP) by June 30th 2017. In the case of the Salinas Valley Basin that resulted in the creation of the SVBGSA. <br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The SVBGSA has a board of 11 members occupying different seats to consider different stakeholder viewpoints. These members and their focus are are: <br />
* Adam Secondo, Secondo Farms- Agriculture, Pressure<br />
* Bill Lipe, Rava Ranches- Agriculture, Upper Valley/Paso<br />
* Brenda Granillo, Cal Water- CPUC Regulated Water Company<br />
* Colby Pereira, Costa Farms- Agriculture, East Side/Langley<br />
* Janet Brennan, LandWatch- Environment<br />
* Lou Calcagno- Public Member<br />
* Supervisor Luis Alejo, Monterey County- Other GSA Eligible Entity<br />
* Mayor Joe Gunter, City of Salinas- City of Salinas<br />
* City Manager Mike McHatten, City of Soledad- South County Cities<br />
* Ron Stefani, Castroville CSD- Disadvantaged Community or Public Water System, including Mutual Water Companies serving residential customers<br />
* Steve McIntyre, Monterey Pacific/McIntyre Vineyards- Agriculture, Forebay <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/board-advisory/board/</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:35:53Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVGBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:Salinas_Valley_Groundwater_Basins.pngFile:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins.png2019-04-04T18:33:30Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:33:02Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Salinas Valley Groundwater Basins|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers under the authority of the SVGBGSA. Photo from [http://www.asceoc.org/images/uploads/CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg]<ref>[http://www.asceoc.org/newsletter/article/overview_of_the_sustainable_groundwater_management_act_and_how_it_affects_o]</ref>]]<br />
The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act_(SGMA)Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)2019-04-04T18:32:51Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The SGMA was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 18, 2014. It is a three-bill package made up by AB 1739 (Dickinson), SB 1168 (Pavley), and SB 1319 (Pavley). These bill comprising the SGMA intend to attain sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042 . <ref name="gov">https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management</ref><br />
Proosition 1, a bond for many different water projetcs in California, supports GSAs manage groundwater with funding of $100 million. <ref>https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1/</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The stated mission of the SGMA is: "management and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained during the planning and implementation horizon without causing undesirable results.” The way that it approaches this goal is by requiring government and water agencies to halt overdraft of high and medium priority basins and bring these basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. These basins should reach sustainability within 20 years of the implementation of a sustainability plan.<br />
<br />
Such goals to avoid undesirable results in groundwater basins are:<br />
* Establish minimum standards for sustainable groundwater management<br />
* Provide local groundwater agencies with authority and financial assistance<br />
* Avoid or minimize subsidence<br />
* Improve data collection and understanding of groundwater basins<br />
* Increase groundwater storage and remove impediments to recharge<br />
* Minimize state intervention on local water governing agencies<br />
* Provide a more cost-efficient way to adjudicate water rights while ensuring due process and delays <ref> http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article= </ref><br />
<br />
The thinking behind the design of the SGMA is to leave management of groundwater to locally organized agencies and boards. To accomplish this goal the Department of Water Resources (DWR) will provide ongoing support through guidance and financial and technical assistance. The SGMA designates local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to manage basins sustainably and requires GSAs to adopt a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) in crucial groundwater basins.<ref name="gov"/><br />
<br />
==Governance / Authority==<br />
<br />
[[File:CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers in California categorized by priority. Photo from [https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf]<ref [https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Basin-Prioritization] </ref>]]<br />
<br />
The SGMA was passed by the California state legislature and signed by Governor Brown into state law. <br />
<br />
The main previsions of the bill includes:<br />
* Requiring the formation of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)<br />
* Mandating the development and implementation of Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high- and medium-priority groundwater basins<br />
* Authorizing management tools for local agencies, including the ability to curtail pumping and to assess fees<br />
* Giving intervention authority to the State Water Resources Control Board if certain provisions are not met<br />
* Defining time frames for accomplishing goals<ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article=</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislation==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assembly member Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).<ref name="davis">http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/SGMA/]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== AB 1739 ===<br />
<br />
AB 1739 gives the [[California Department of Water Resources]] (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.<ref>[[http://groundwater.ca.gov/docs/sgma_brochure_jan_2015.pdf]]</ref><br />
<br />
AB 1739 also requires DWR to publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".<ref name=ppp>http://www.water.ca.gov/irwm/grants/sgwp/sgwp_docs/2017_SGWP_Grant_PSP_05082017.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
=== SB 1319 ===<br />
<br />
SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the SGMA was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. <ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1319</ref> <br />
Manageing groundwater is a challenging task as it is not visible and involves multiple actors in overlapping boundaries. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.<ref>http://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/groundwatermgthandbook_oct2015.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
=== SB 1168 ===<br />
<br />
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial.<ref name=":1">http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1168</ref> California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:<br />
* Require registration from a groundwater extraction facility<br />
* Require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements<br />
* Conduct inspections and obtain warrants<br />
<br />
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:<br />
* Investigate the California's groundwater basins every five years and report its findings to the California State Legislature<br />
* Look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize them based on adverse effects to the local habitats and streamflows<br />
<br />
=== SB 13 amendments ===<br />
<br />
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the [[California State Water Resources Control Board|State Water Resources Control Board]]. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.<ref>http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/gsa.cfm</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
One GSA that has been created for the central coast region is the [[Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA)]]<br />
<br />
==Example Work / Projects==<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act_(SGMA)Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)2019-04-04T18:30:00Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]], by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The SGMA was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on September 18, 2014. It is a three-bill package made up by AB 1739 (Dickinson), SB 1168 (Pavley), and SB 1319 (Pavley). These bill comprising the SGMA intend to attain sustainable groundwater management in California by 2042 . <ref name="gov">https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management</ref><br />
Proosition 1, a bond for many different water projetcs in California, supports GSAs manage groundwater with funding of $100 million. <ref>https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1/</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission==<br />
The stated mission of the SGMA is: "management and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained during the planning and implementation horizon without causing undesirable results.” The way that it approaches this goal is by requiring government and water agencies to halt overdraft of high and medium priority basins and bring these basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. These basins should reach sustainability within 20 years of the implementation of a sustainability plan.<br />
<br />
Such goals to avoid undesirable results in groundwater basins are:<br />
* Establish minimum standards for sustainable groundwater management<br />
* Provide local groundwater agencies with authority and financial assistance<br />
* Avoid or minimize subsidence<br />
* Improve data collection and understanding of groundwater basins<br />
* Increase groundwater storage and remove impediments to recharge<br />
* Minimize state intervention on local water governing agencies<br />
* Provide a more cost-efficient way to adjudicate water rights while ensuring due process and delays <ref> http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article= </ref><br />
<br />
The thinking behind the design of the SGMA is to leave management of groundwater to locally organized agencies and boards. To accomplish this goal the Department of Water Resources (DWR) will provide ongoing support through guidance and financial and technical assistance. The SGMA designates local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to manage basins sustainably and requires GSAs to adopt a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) in crucial groundwater basins.<ref name="gov"/><br />
<br />
==Governance / Authority==<br />
<br />
[[File:CASGEM_BasinPrioritization_Statewide.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of aquifers in California categorized by priority. Photo from [https://svbgsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Salinas-Valley-GSA-Overivew-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2017.pdf]<ref name= "SV">[https://svbgsa.org/about-us/]</ref>]]<br />
<br />
The SGMA was passed by the California state legislature and signed by Governor Brown into state law. <br />
<br />
The main previsions of the bill includes:<br />
* Requiring the formation of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)<br />
* Mandating the development and implementation of Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high- and medium-priority groundwater basins<br />
* Authorizing management tools for local agencies, including the ability to curtail pumping and to assess fees<br />
* Giving intervention authority to the State Water Resources Control Board if certain provisions are not met<br />
* Defining time frames for accomplishing goals<ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&division=6.&title=&part=2.74.&chapter=1.&article=</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislation==<br />
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) consists of three bills. It was primarily authored by California State Assembly member Roger Dickinson (AB 1739) and Senator Fran Pavley (SB 1319 and SB 1168).<ref name="davis">http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/SGMA/]]</ref><br />
<br />
=== AB 1739 ===<br />
<br />
AB 1739 gives the [[California Department of Water Resources]] (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) the authority to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to "entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources". GSAs are locally controlled organizations in California's high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA, and coordinating with neighbors.<ref>[[http://groundwater.ca.gov/docs/sgma_brochure_jan_2015.pdf]]</ref><br />
<br />
AB 1739 also requires DWR to publish an online report with estimates of groundwater replenishment and best practices. GSAs are required to submit a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to the DWR for review. DWR must determine regulations to evaluate, implement, and coordinate GSPs based on conditions of "hydrology, water demand, regulatory restrictions that affect the availability of surface water, and unreliability of, or reductions in, surface water deliveries to the agency or water users in the basin, and impact of those conditions on achieving sustainability and shall include the historic average reliability and deliveries of surface water to the agency or water users in the basin".<ref name=ppp>http://www.water.ca.gov/irwm/grants/sgwp/sgwp_docs/2017_SGWP_Grant_PSP_05082017.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
=== SB 1319 ===<br />
<br />
SB 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the SGMA was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city, and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the SGMA timeline. <ref>http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1319</ref> <br />
Manageing groundwater is a challenging task as it is not visible and involves multiple actors in overlapping boundaries. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons", with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The SGMA set basin boundaries based on a 2003 Department of Water Resources report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.<ref>http://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/groundwatermgthandbook_oct2015.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
=== SB 1168 ===<br />
<br />
The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater be both reasonable and beneficial.<ref name=":1">http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1168</ref> California has a history of complex water rights, in which the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine is a key tenet. The doctrine was originally developed for riparian landowners and surface water management, but SB 1168 applied it to the context of groundwater and the SGMA, stating that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Specifically, SB 1168 gives GSAs the authority to:<br />
* Require registration from a groundwater extraction facility<br />
* Require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements<br />
* Conduct inspections and obtain warrants<br />
<br />
It requires the Department of Water Resources to:<br />
* Investigate the California's groundwater basins every five years and report its findings to the California State Legislature<br />
* Look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize them based on adverse effects to the local habitats and streamflows<br />
<br />
=== SB 13 amendments ===<br />
<br />
Since the collection of bills that make up SGMA were complex, some minor changes were made in SB 13 pertaining to GSA formation. Prior to SB 13, existing law required that each high- and medium-priority groundwater basins be managed after implementing a groundwater sustainability plan and subjected reporting requirements to the [[California State Water Resources Control Board|State Water Resources Control Board]]. SB 13 changed DWR's role with respect to reviewing, posting, and tracking GSA formation notices. Changes include notifying reviews, GSA boundaries which overlap, and service area boundaries.<ref>http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/gsa.cfm</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
One GSA that has been created for the central coast region is the [[Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA)]]<br />
<br />
==Example Work / Projects==<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:25:28Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:24:45Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040. <references/> <ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:24:26Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV"> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:24:08Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040. <references/> <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ </ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:23:32Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040. <references/> <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ <ref/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:22:15Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/> <ref> https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ <ref/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:22:05Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/><ref>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/ <ref/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:21:43Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/><ref>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/<ref/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:21:00Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:20:08Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref name="SV">https://svbgsa.org/about-us/</ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:19:33Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/><ref>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/</ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:18:56Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<references/>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/</ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:18:25Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<reference>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/</ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:18:07Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]] with the mission of creating and implementing a sustainable groundwater management plan by 2020 to achieve sustainable groundwater use by 2040.<ref>https://svbgsa.org/about-us/</ref></div>MichaelGhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Groundwater_Sustainability_Agencies_(GSAs)Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs)2019-04-04T18:16:10Z<p>MichaelG: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SVBGSA) was created in 2017 under the [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)|SGMA]]<br />
||</div>MichaelG