http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Pattyc&feedformat=atomCCoWS Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T09:02:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.2http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-13T17:18:13Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|270px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated the restriction of both pesticides including the phase out and elimination of all residential and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref><ref name="DPR 2003">DPR. 2003. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Loads in Precipitation and Urban and Agricultural Storm Runoff during January and February 2001 in the San Joaquin River Basin, California http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/USGS_03-4091.pdf</ref>. These restrictions were expected to facilitate concentration reductions within the impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]. However, widespread agricultural use of these two pesticides continues to influence water quality.<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlopyrifos and Diazinon addresses the following impaired waterbodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed for the given impairment [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that while some water bodies have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are expressed as concentrations. The TMDL's for the region are equal to the CMC numeric targets (0.025ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.16ppb for diazinon), CCC numeric targets (0.015ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.10ppb for diazinon), and the [[#Numeric Target|additive numeric targets]]. For each 303d listed water body [[#Project Definition| water body]] the [[CCRWQB]] utilizes the concentrations set by the [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG]. The TMDL requires that discharges into impaired water bodies meet the established concentrations.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. An exceedance of the criteria for water quality is possible regardless of season and therefor not specified in the TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' (WLA, non-point sources) and 'Load Allocations' (LA, point sources) that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Since this TMDL is concentration-based the LA and WLA are allotted the same concentration which are given in the [[#Numeric Target]] section above.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-13T17:16:27Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|270px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated the restriction of both pesticides including the phase out and elimination of all residential and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref><ref name="DPR 2003">DPR. 2003. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Loads in Precipitation and Urban and Agricultural Storm Runoff during January and February 2001 in the San Joaquin River Basin, California http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/USGS_03-4091.pdf</ref>. These restrictions were expected to facilitate concentration reductions within the impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]. However, widespread agricultural use of these two pesticides continues to influence water quality.<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlopyrifos and Diazinon addresses the following impaired waterbodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed for the given impairment [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that while some water bodies have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are expressed as concentrations. The TMDL's for the region are equal to the CMC numeric targets (0.025ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.16ppb for diazinon), CCC numeric targets (0.015ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.10ppb for diazinon), and the [[#Numeric Target|additive numeric targets]]. For each 303d listed water body [[#Project Definition| water body]] the [[CCRWQB]] utilizes the concentrations set by the [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG]. The TMDL requires that discharges into impaired water bodies meet the established concentrations.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. An exceedance of the criteria for water quality is possible regardless of season and therefor not specified in the TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' (WLA, non-point sources) and 'Load Allocations' (LA, point sources) that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Since this TMDL is concentration-based the LA and WLA are allotted the same concentration which are given in the [[#Numeric Target]] section above.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-13T17:08:14Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|270px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated the restriction of both pesticides including the phase out and elimination of all residential and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref><ref name="DPR 2003">DPR. 2003. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Loads in Precipitation and Urban and Agricultural Storm Runoff during January and February 2001 in the San Joaquin River Basin, California http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/USGS_03-4091.pdf</ref>. These restrictions were expected to facilitate concentration reductions within the impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]. However, widespread agricultural use of these two pesticides continues to influence water quality.<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlopyrifos and Diazinon addresses the following impaired waterbodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed for the given impairment [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''*<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that while some water bodies have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are expressed as concentrations. The TMDL's for the region are equal to the CMC numeric targets (0.025ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.16ppb for diazinon), CCC numeric targets (0.015ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.10ppb for diazinon), and the [[#Numeric Target|additive numeric targets]]. For each 303d listed water body [[#Project Definition| water body]] the [[CCRWQB]] utilizes the concentrations set by the [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG]. The TMDL requires that discharges into impaired water bodies meet the established concentrations.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. An exceedance of the criteria for water quality is possible regardless of season and therefor not specified in the TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' (WLA, non-point sources) and 'Load Allocations' (LA, point sources) that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Since this TMDL is concentration-based the LA and WLA are allotted the same concentration which are given in the [[#Numeric Target]] section above.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T07:03:06Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the eight major listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions. The use of spatial, temporal, and flow data in relation to FIB data indicated that all fecal coliform impaired waterbodies of the project area were impaired despite varying land use. Results suggested that fecal coliform contamination in agricultural waterbodies were a result of upstream discharge. <br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The fecal coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T05:46:00Z<p>Pattyc: /* Numeric Target */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the eight major listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The fecal coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T05:38:41Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the eight major listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T03:24:08Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T03:22:21Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed for the given impairment [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T03:19:41Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-13T03:10:20Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are readily used as indicator species [fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)] for fecal pathogens in water bodies. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:<br />
* TMDL Project dataset<br />
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites<br />
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006 <br />
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)<br />
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek <br />
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek <br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired for fecal contamination due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
* [[Basin Plan]]<br />
<br />
* [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-13T00:06:26Z<p>Pattyc: /* TMDL Allocations */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated the restriction of both pesticides including the phase out and elimination of all residential uses and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref><ref name="DPR 2003">DPR. 2003. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Loads in Precipitation and Urban and Agricultural Storm Runoff during January and February 2001 in the San Joaquin River Basin, California http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/USGS_03-4091.pdf</ref>. Many additional use limitations apply to both diazinon and chlorpyrifos. These reductions are expected to facilitate concentration reductions in impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]].<br />
<br />
The project area includes the following impaired waterbodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that while some water bodies have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are expressed as concentrations. The TMDL's for the region are equal to the CMC numeric targets 0.025ppb for chlorpyrifos and 0.16ppb for dizinon. For each 303d listed water body [[#Project Definition| water body]] the [[CCRWQB]] utilizes the concentrations set by the [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG]. The TMDL requires that discharges into impaired water bodies meet the [[#Numeric Target|numeric target concentrations]].<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. An exceedance of the criteria for water quality is possible regardless of season and therefor not specified in the TMDL for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' (WLA, non-point sources) and 'Load Allocations' (LA, point sources) that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Since this TMDL is concentration-based the LA and WLA are allotted the same concentration which are given in the [[#Numeric Target]] section above.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:07:43Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T22:38:25Z<p>Pattyc: /* Watershed Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T22:37:53Z<p>Pattyc: /* Watershed Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T22:22:50Z<p>Pattyc: /* Implementation and Monitoring */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are readily used as indicator species [fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)] for fecal pathogens in water bodies. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired for fecal contamination due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T21:46:55Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are readily used as indicator species [fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)] for fecal pathogens in water bodies. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired for fecal contamination due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T21:07:06Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are readily used as indicator species [fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)] for fecal pathogens in water bodies. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T21:05:34Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are readily used as indicator species [fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)] for fecal pathogens in water bodies. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T21:02:16Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria are used as indicator species [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] and are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of fecal pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:46:27Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:45:53Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' (''E. coli'') O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:39:04Z<p>Pattyc: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' (''E. coli'') O157:H7, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:35:59Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (last updated April 12, 2011). Up to date status for this TMDL is available from the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml State Water Resource Control Board TMDL Status Page].<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:33:35Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
This TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (last updated April 12, 2011).<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:33:01Z<p>Pattyc: /* Project Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf, final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
Currently the TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (last updated April 12, 2011).<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Beneficial_Uses_(BUs)_of_waterbodies_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionBeneficial Uses (BUs) of waterbodies in California's Central Coast Region2011-04-12T20:30:47Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>Beneficial uses (BUs) are defined for each water body in the Central California Coast region by the [[CCRWQCB]].<br />
<br />
Acknowledged BUs<ref name= "California BUs">http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/planningtmdls/basinplan/web/bp_ch2.shtml#2.1 </ref> are as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''Municipal and Domestic Supply (MUN)'''- water used or potentially used for community, military, or individual private water system supply such as drinking water. Drinking water sources are defined in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/board_decisions/adopted_orders/resolutions/2006/rs2006_0008_rev_rs88_63.pdf State Board Resolution No. 88-63]. <br />
* '''Agricultural Supply (AGR)'''- water used for farming, ranching, or horticulture that includes, but is not limited to irrigation, stock watering, and grazing land survival.<br />
* '''Industrial Process Supply (PROC)'''- water used for industrial purposes dependent on water quality such as food processing, manufacturing, etc. <br />
* '''Industrial Service Supply (IND)'''- water used for industrial purposes not dependent on water quality such as mining, gravel washing, cooling, etc.<br />
* '''Groundwater Recharge (GWR)'''- water used for the natural or artificial recharge of groundwater that may be used for future extraction or to prevent saltwater intrusion.<br />
* '''Freshwater Replenishment (FRESH)'''- water used to maintain surface freshwater quality and quantity<br />
* '''Navigation (NAV)'''- water used for transportation by military, private, or commercial vessels.<br />
* '''Water Contact Recreation (REC-1)'''- water used for human recreation where there is bodily contact is not frequent and ingestion of water is reasonably possible.<br />
* '''Non-Contact Water Recreation (REC-2)'''- water used for human recreation requiring proximity to water where bodily contact and ingestion of water is reasonably possible. <br />
* '''Commercial and Sport Fishing (COMM)'''<br />
* '''Warm Fresh Water Habitat (WARM)'''- water used in warm water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Cold Fresh Water Habitat (COLD)'''- water used in cold water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Estuarine Habitat (EST)'''- water used in estuarine ecosystems (usually characterized as semi-enclosed and having free contact with open ocean and direct watershed runoff) that preserves or enhances the habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Marine Habitat (MAR)'''- water used in marine ecosystems that preserves or enhances the marine habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Wildlife Habitat (WILD)'''- water used for terrestrial wildlife sustainability.<br />
* '''Preservation of Biological Habitats of Special Significance (BIOL)'''- water required for the health of areas established as refuges, parks, sanctuaries, ecological reserves, or [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/docs/asbs/asbs_areas/asbs_swqpa_publication03.pdf Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS)].<br />
* '''Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)'''- water required for the survival and maintenance of habitat for [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/TEAnimals.pdf state and federally listed threatened or endangered species]. <br />
* '''Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)'''- water used for habitat or transport of migrating aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)'''- high quality water necessary for the spawning and early life of aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Shellfish Harvesting (SHELL)'''- water used to sustain filter-feeding shellfish for human consumption. Waterbodies also include future suitable sites<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
* [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:27:00Z<p>Pattyc: /* TMDL Allocations */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004. (CCoWS, 2004).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008. (CCWQP, 2008).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009. (CCWQP, 2009).]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption contribute to the implicit margin of safety. http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm> <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in <br />
Monterey County, California: Final Project Report (Final Project Report)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, participanting growers which are discharging Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in adopted water quality standards for toxicity and pesticides. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned by CCRWQCB to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report(link), provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver.(reference) The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols individually<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition individually<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan individually<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports individually <br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:26:44Z<p>Pattyc: /* TMDL Allocations */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004. (CCoWS, 2004).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008. (CCWQP, 2008).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009. (CCWQP, 2009).]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption contribute to the implicit margin of safety. http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm> <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in <br />
Monterey County, California: Final Project Report (Final Project Report)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, participanting growers which are discharging Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in adopted water quality standards for toxicity and pesticides. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned by CCRWQCB to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report(link), provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver.(reference) The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols individually<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition individually<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan individually<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports individually <br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T20:12:35Z<p>Pattyc: /* TMDL Allocations */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004. (CCoWS, 2004).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008. (CCWQP, 2008).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009. (CCWQP, 2009).]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in <br />
Monterey County, California: Final Project Report (Final Project Report)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, participanting growers which are discharging Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in adopted water quality standards for toxicity and pesticides. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned by CCRWQCB to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report(link), provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver.(reference) The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols individually<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition individually<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan individually<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports individually <br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Beneficial_Uses_(BUs)_of_waterbodies_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionBeneficial Uses (BUs) of waterbodies in California's Central Coast Region2011-04-12T19:48:43Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>Beneficial uses (BUs) are defined for each water body in the Central California Coast region by the [[CCRWQCB]].<br />
<br />
Acknowledged BUs<ref name= "California BUs">http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/planningtmdls/basinplan/web/bp_ch2.shtml#2.1 </ref> are as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''Municipal and Domestic Supply (MUN)'''- water used or potentially used for community, military, or individual private water system supply such as drinking water. Drinking water sources are defined in the State Board Resolution No. 88-63. <br />
* '''Agricultural Supply (AGR)'''- water used for farming, ranching, or horticulture that includes, but is not limited to irrigation, stock watering, and grazing land survival.<br />
* '''Industrial Process Supply (PROC)'''- water used for industrial purposes dependent on water quality such as food processing, manufacturing, etc. <br />
* '''Industrial Service Supply (IND)'''- water used for industrial purposes not dependent on water quality such as mining, gravel washing, cooling, etc.<br />
* '''Groundwater Recharge (GWR)'''- water used for the natural or artificial recharge of groundwater that may be used for future extraction or to prevent saltwater intrusion.<br />
* '''Freshwater Replenishment (FRESH)'''- water used to maintain surface freshwater quality and quantity<br />
* '''Navigation (NAV)'''- water used for transportation by military, private, or commercial vessels.<br />
* '''Water Contact Recreation (REC-1)'''- water used for human recreation where there is bodily contact is not frequent and ingestion of water is reasonably possible.<br />
* '''Non-Contact Water Recreation (REC-2)'''- water used for human recreation requiring proximity to water where bodily contact and ingestion of water is reasonably possible. <br />
* '''Commercial and Sport Fishing (COMM)'''<br />
* '''Warm Fresh Water Habitat (WARM)'''- water used in warm water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Cold Fresh Water Habitat (COLD)'''- water used in cold water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Estuarine Habitat (EST)'''- water used in estuarine ecosystems (usually characterized as semi-enclosed and having free contact with open ocean and direct watershed runoff) that preserves or enhances the habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Marine Habitat (MAR)'''- water used in marine ecosystems that preserves or enhances the marine habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Wildlife Habitat (WILD)'''- water used for terrestrial wildlife sustainability.<br />
* '''Preservation of Biological Habitats of Special Significance (BIOL)'''- water required for the health of areas established as refuges, parks, sanctuaries, ecological reserves, or [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/docs/asbs/asbs_areas/asbs_swqpa_publication03.pdf Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS)].<br />
* '''Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)'''- water required for the survival and maintenance of habitat for [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/TEAnimals.pdf state and federally listed threatened or endangered species]. <br />
* '''Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)'''- water used for habitat or transport of migrating aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)'''- high quality water necessary for the spawning and early life of aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Shellfish Harvesting (SHELL)'''- water used to sustain filter-feeding shellfish for human consumption. Waterbodies also include future suitable sites<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
* [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-12T19:41:17Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf, final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs)of the listed waterbodies as shown in the table below where an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
Currently the TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-08T05:02:28Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf, final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary water bodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform for some, or all, of these water bodies do not meet the water quality objectives for the following beneficial uses (BUs): <br />
*Water contact recreation. <br />
*Non-contact water recreation. <br />
*Shellfish harvesting for human consumption. (This BU is under review, and may be eliminated)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
Currently the TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-08T05:01:40Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf, final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary water bodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform for some, or all, of these water bodies do not meet the water quality objectives for the following beneficial uses (BUs): <br />
*Water contact recreation. <br />
*Non-contact water recreation. <br />
*Shellfish harvesting for human consumption. (This BU is under review, and may be eliminated)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|FC<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
Currently the TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-08T04:58:48Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf, final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria [otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)] are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Lower Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary water bodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform for some, or all, of these water bodies do not meet the water quality objectives for the following beneficial uses (BUs): <br />
*Water contact recreation. <br />
*Non-contact water recreation. <br />
*Shellfish harvesting for human consumption. (This BU is under review, and may be eliminated)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Gabilan Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current Status==<br />
Currently the TMDL has only been approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T04:31:16Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T04:30:37Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T04:20:23Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:30:06Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following tables. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:28:38Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following tables. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:27:37Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following tables. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:14:55Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following tables. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:03:29Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T03:01:15Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T02:58:48Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T02:58:03Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
}<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-08T02:44:13Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target ''concentration'' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to protect aquatic life. The [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. <br />
<br />
(Section still being edited)<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
'''Staff also used discharger data and reports, land use data, field reconnaissance work, USEPA-recommended or recognized empirical load assessment methods, and conversations with staff from other agencies.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. ''<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Beneficial_Uses_(BUs)_of_waterbodies_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionBeneficial Uses (BUs) of waterbodies in California's Central Coast Region2011-04-07T21:32:31Z<p>Pattyc: </p>
<hr />
<div>Beneficial uses (BUs) are defined for each water body in the region by the [[CCRWQCB]].<br />
<br />
Acknowledged BUs<ref name= "California BUs">http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/planningtmdls/basinplan/web/bp_ch2.shtml#2.1 </ref> are as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''Municipal and Domestic Supply (MUN)'''- water used or potentially used for community, military, or individual private water system supply such as drinking water. Drinking water sources are defined in the State Board Resolution No. 88-63. <br />
* '''Agricultural Supply (AGR)'''- water used for farming, ranching, or horticulture that includes, but is not limited to irrigation, stock watering, and grazing land survival.<br />
* '''Industrial Process Supply (PROC)'''- water used for industrial purposes dependent on water quality such as food processing, manufacturing, etc. <br />
* '''Industrial Service Supply (IND)'''- water used for industrial purposes not dependent on water quality such as mining, gravel washing, cooling, etc.<br />
* '''Groundwater Recharge (GWR)'''- water used for the natural or artificial recharge of groundwater that may be used for future extraction or to prevent saltwater intrusion.<br />
* '''Freshwater Replenishment (FRESH)'''- water used to maintain surface freshwater quality and quantity<br />
* '''Navigation (NAV)'''- water used for transportation by military, private, or commercial vessels.<br />
* '''Water Contact Recreation (REC-1)'''- water used for human recreation where there is bodily contact is not frequent and ingestion of water is reasonably possible.<br />
* '''Non-Contact Water Recreation (REC-2)'''- water used for human recreation requiring proximity to water where bodily contact and ingestion of water is reasonably possible. <br />
* '''Commercial and Sport Fishing (COMM)'''<br />
* '''Warm Fresh Water Habitat (WARM)'''- water used in warm water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Cold Fresh Water Habitat (COLD)'''- water used in cold water ecosystems that preserves or enhances the aquatic habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Estuarine Habitat (EST)'''- water used in estuarine ecosystems (usually characterized as semi-enclosed and having free contact with open ocean and direct watershed runoff) that preserves or enhances the habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Marine Habitat (MAR)'''- water used in marine ecosystems that preserves or enhances the marine habitat, vegetation, and wildlife.<br />
* '''Wildlife Habitat (WILD)'''- water used for terrestrial wildlife sustainability.<br />
* '''Preservation of Biological Habitats of Special Significance (BIOL)'''- water required for the health of areas established as refuges, parks, sanctuaries, ecological reserves, or [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/docs/asbs/asbs_areas/asbs_swqpa_publication03.pdf Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS)].<br />
* '''Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)'''- water required for the survival and maintenance of habitat for [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/TEAnimals.pdf state and federally listed threatened or endangered species]. <br />
* '''Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)'''- water used for habitat or transport of migrating aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)'''- high quality water necessary for the spawning and early life of aquatic organisms.<br />
* '''Shellfish Harvesting (SHELL)'''- water used to sustain filter-feeding shellfish for human consumption. Waterbodies also include future suitable sites<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
* [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-07T20:18:08Z<p>Pattyc: /* Problem Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board] (CCRWQCB)and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) created the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|2008 5A 2021<br />
|2008 5A <br />
|2008 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|Pesticides<br />
|1990 5A? 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|Pesticides?<br />
|1992 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD)<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM)<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST)<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD)<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE)<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR)<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN)<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets that include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The table below contains the criterion maximum concentration (CMC) and the criterion continuous concentration (CCC) for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>.<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. The [[CCRWQCB]] staff used the numeric targets to protect aquatic life beneficial uses.<br />
<br />
:Water column numeric target and the additive toxicity numeric target. <br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
[Numeric Target]<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Nutrients_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-06T23:24:43Z<p>Pattyc: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>This summary page is based on the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/nutrients/sal_nut_dataanalyrpt_061410.pdf progress report] on Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients and other TMDL projects for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], in Monterey County, California. This summary was prepared by the Spring 2011 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB) is currently developing a [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_California Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)] project for nutrients in the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County. The CCRWQCB presented a [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/nutrients/sal_nut_dataanalyrpt_061410.pdf progress report] in June 2010 that contains background information, provisional nutrient targets, and a compilation of water quality data of water bodies in the region. Although the progress report identifies potential sources of nutrient loads, the source analysis portion of the TMDL project is still pending. <br />
<br />
This TMDL project will address the nutrient related impairments in the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Clean_Water_Act 303(d)] listed water bodies of the Lower Salinas River watershed. The 2006 303(d) List of Impaired Waterbodies is the current and active list for the California Central Coast. In 2010 the CCRWQCB presented an updated list in its 2010 Integrated Report, but this report is still waiting for approval by the USEPA. The following table contains the water bodies and the nutrient-related reason for their listing in both the 2006 active list and in the 2010 list: <br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | 2006 Listed Impairment<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | 2010 Listed Impairment<br />
|-<br />
| Alisal Creek<br />
| Nutrient<br />
| Chlorophyll-a, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Alisal Slough <br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Blanco Drain<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Chualar Creek<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Esperanza Creek<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Espinosa Slough<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Gabilan Creek<br />
| Nitrate<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Merrit Ditch<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Moro Cojo Slough<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized),Low Dissolved Oxygen<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen<br />
|-<br />
| Natividad Creek<br />
| Nitrate<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen<br />
|-<br />
| Old Salinas River<br />
| Not Listed<br />
| Chlorophyll-a, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nutrients<br />
| Nutrients<br />
|-<br />
| Quail Creek<br />
| Nutrients<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Salinas Reclamation Canal<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd <br />
<br />
Crossing)<br />
| Nitrate, Nutrients<br />
| Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Salinas River Lagoon (North)<br />
| Nutrients<br />
| Nutrients<br />
|-<br />
| Santa Rita Creek <br />
| Nitrate <br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate<br />
|-<br />
| Tembladero Slough<br />
| Ammonia (Unionized), Nutrients<br />
| Chlorophyll-a, Nitrate, Nutrients<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Shaelyn<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
Shaelyn<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
Kathy<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
Kathy<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
Natalie<br />
*target concentration<br />
The TMDL target for nutrients for the lower Salinas valley is identified as a numeric target. The target concentrations vary based on what the location of the water bodies withing the Salinas Valley. These preliminary target concentrations are based on the 95th percentile of CCAMP reference sites. These reference sites might not be representative of "valley floor streams, sloughs and water conveyance structures"([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/nutrients/sal_nut_dataanalyrpt_061410.pdf progress report]), which are more commonly found in the Salinas Valley. <br />
<br />
The target allowable concentrations are established for phosphorus and nitrogen. The allowable numeric targets were calculated using the NNE (nutrient numeric endpoints) benthic biomass predictor tool. This tool predicts biological responses based on nutrient conditions present in the water body. The numeric targets for nutrient concentration are temperature dependent. The classifications for water temperature are either warm or cold. Parameters that are included in the predictor tool include nutrients (natural and anthropogenic), canopy closure, water temp, latitude, flow velocity and depth.<br />
<br />
*goal<br />
*allowable levels<br />
**The provisional target concentrations are -table on page 107<br />
*example<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
Natalie<br />
<br />
A margin of safety is used to account for the uncertainty in the linkage between nutrient loads and nutrient the nutrient pollutant concentrations in the receiving water body.<br />
*SLO calculated nutrient TMDL margin of safety "based on the difference between the total maximum daily load and the allocated load"<br />
*Uncertainties accounted for in the margin of safety include...<br />
**limited data(how many years do we have?)<br />
**these discrete values have been estimated based on a specific amount of parameters and categorized primarily based on temperature and does not necessarily account for compounding factors including dissolved oxygen availability, light availability etc<br />
**model may not be represnetative of the actual environmental conditions<br />
*rain patterns vary from one year to the next so dilutions vary<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
Roger<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
Roger<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
*Central Coast Water Board often present TMDL project reports at public meetings to solicit comments during different stages and to present preliminary findings of the report. <br />
*Public comments should be incorporated into the report where appropriate. <br />
*California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) issues will likely need to be addressed. Staff should prepare documents to demonstrate any potential impacts and present alternative schemes and implementation strategies.<br />
<br />
==Implementation and Monitoring==<br />
Michelle<br />
<br />
===Implementation===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Monitoring===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDL_for_Fecal_Coliform_for_the_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed,_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California2011-04-06T23:23:28Z<p>Pattyc: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in Monterey County, California. The final [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report] was available as of March 18, 2010. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations. The fecal coliform group of bacteria (otherwise known as 'fecal indicator bacteria' (FIB)) are readily used to help identify water body contamination as a result of pathogens. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
*[[The Lower Salinas Watershed|Lower Salinas River]] (from Gonzales downstream to the Salinas River Lagoon)<br />
*[[The Old Salinas River Channel| Old Salinas River]]<br />
*Tembladero Slough<br />
*Salinas Reclamation Canal<br />
*Gabilan Creek<br />
*Alisal Creek<br />
*Natividad Creek<br />
*Santa Rita Creek<br />
*Quail Creek<br />
*Chualar Creek<br />
*Towne Creek<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary water bodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform for some, or all, of these water bodies do not meet the water quality objectives for the following beneficial uses (BUs): <br />
*Water contact recreation. <br />
*Non-contact water recreation. <br />
*Shellfish harvesting for human consumption. (This BU is under review, and may be eliminated)<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste. <br />
<br />
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:<br />
<br />
*Agriculture<br />
*Industry<br />
*Sewer discharge facilities<br />
*Wildlife<br />
*Fisheries<br />
*Sporting recreational activities<br />
*Municipal and domestic water supply<br />
*Homeless Persons<br />
<br />
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, the County of Monterey, Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs. <br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Anyone who has homeless people camping on their property is required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]]. The County of Monterey and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to anyone who helps identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping. <br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattychttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-06T23:22:41Z<p>Pattyc: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plan for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California was created by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB)and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The TMDL Report evaluates: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed, contaminated sites, responsible parties, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. The final [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report]was created in January 2011, and discussed in the final report hearing on May 5th, 2011. <br />
<br />
The TMDL report addresses the impairment of approximately 195,000 acres within the Lower Salinas River in northern Monterey County by two registered organophosphate pesticides, Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon. In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination. Of the fifteen bodies, eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD),<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM),<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST),<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD),<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE),<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR), and<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN).<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:<br />
<br />
* The total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed. They concluded that the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon were agricultural lands. '''No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.'''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
<br />
The margin of safety section is included to explicitly state the uncertainties of the loading capacity. Because this TMDL is a concentration, the loading capacity of each compound and the TMDL are the same. The TMDL assumes that there is not additional reduction of compounds due to absorption or removal from the water column. Given the fact that there will be some small amount of reduction through absorption, the assumption contributes to the margin of safety in the proposed methods.<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions. <br />
<br />
Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input. Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the agricultural order titled: [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]. The requirements of implementation are described in the agricultural order. Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. The TMDL does not state that dischargers of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are required to participate in the Ag waiver program. The 2004, and 2011 draft of the Ag waiver report include TMDL implementation. The report states that all dischargers must comply with applicable TMDLs and meet the requirements within the given compliance date.<br />
<br />
The TMDL document provides some suggestions for implementation. The suggested implementation actions are:<br />
* Holding runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied.<br />
* Using technology that degrades the chemicals before allowing waters to runoff into the environment<br />
* Use of drip irrigation to limit runoff<br />
* Improvement of application methods to eliminate spills<br />
* Use of treatment enzymes to break down the pesticides<br />
* Use rotation crop methods to reduce the need for pesticides<br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' The agricultural order is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Pattyc