http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Ryanb&feedformat=atomCCoWS Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T14:24:04ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.2http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:37:45Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated use limitations for both pesticides, including the phase out and elimination of all residential uses and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref>. Many additional use limitations apply to both diazinon and chlorpyrifos. These reductions are expected to facilitate concentration reductions in impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]].<br />
<br />
The following waterbodies are those that have been 303d listed:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that while some water bodies have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:36:54Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA reviewed the registration for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The EPA mandated use limitations for both pesticides, including the phase out and elimination of all residential uses and non-agricultural uses<ref name="EPA Diazinon Phase Out">USEPA. 2011. Diazinon:Phase out of all residential uses [Internet]Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/diazinon-factsheet.htm</ref><ref name="EPA Chloropyrifos Phase Out">USEPA. 2005. Pesticide News Story: Chlorpyrifos Pre-Construction Termiticide Products Phase Out on December 31, 2005.[Internet].Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/csb_page/updates/chlorpy-phasout.htm</ref>. Many additional use limitations apply to both diazinon and chlorpyrifos. These reductions are expected to facilitate concentration reductions in impaired waters of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]].<br />
<br />
The following waterbodies are those that have been 303d listed:<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
<br />
In general, these studies observed that although some water bodies may have Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon concentrations within acceptable ranges, the majority of sampled sites had concentrations exceeding regulated thresholds. Additionally, the studies found that toxic concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon exist year round, with increased concentration during the drier summer months.<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets were established for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon to facilitate the designated [[beneficial uses]] described in [[Basin Plan]]. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies covered in the TMDL to meet the numeric targets for the water column, including additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric target is applicable when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the water is impaired and the beneficial uses are effected.<br />
==Source Analysis==<br />
The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are specified in terms of concentration (amount per volume) and thus are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:26:06Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:25:30Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf | Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf | Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf | Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:25:05Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf |Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf | Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf | Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf | Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T23:23:01Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensure that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and only eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. All [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the waterbodies impaired by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are shown in the table below where "P" denotes a BU directly affected by increased diazinon and chlorpyrifos, "X" denotes all other BUs of the waterbody, "E" denotes an existing BU, and "a" denotes a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf | Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf | Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf | Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf | Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T22:11:37Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon] for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003.]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008.]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009.]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The Margin of Safety (MOS), a component of the TMDL, accounts for uncertainty concerning the relationship between pollutant and waterbody quality (http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/tmdl/glossary.htm). TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon were adopted from numeric limits developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implied in the numeric targets made in the TMDL. These TMDLs assume there are no additional reductions in compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is likely that these processes will take place, this assumption adds to the margin of safety. <br />
<br />
The MOS for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are:<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
Where:<br />
(CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period<br />
and(CCC) is the 4-day concentration average<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, a point-source polluter's discharge is limited by 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' that represent the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads are concentration-based and apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum of the equation in the "Numeric Targets" Section above must not exceed 1.0.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs will be implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](Ag Waiver), and the [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ California Department of Pesticide Regulation] (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California: Final Project Report] (Final Project Report) <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be implemented through the Ag Wavier. Within two years following the adoption of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_info/agendas/2011/march/Item_14/14_att1.pdf March 2011 draft Ag Waiver], participating growers which are discharging chlorpyrifos and diazinon into watereways are required to demonstrate that they are not contributing to exceedences in numeric targets. [[CCRWQCB]]s allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation is preferred by CCRWQCB whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The Ag Waiver is seen by the CCRWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. <br />
<br />
The Final Project Report recommends the draft Ag Waiver establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the deadlines provided in the March 2011 draft Ag waiver (link), enforcement actions may be made by the CCRWQCB. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by CCRWQCB, through inspections and monitoring. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon numeric target exceedences will be reevaluated CCRWQCB staff when monitoring data is received and during future renewals of the Ag Waiver. The conditions of future Ag Waivers will then be modified to address remaining sources of surface water impairments. The Waiver states that if the discharger does not meet deadlines, enforcement actions will be made by the CCRWQCB. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver (the most stringent monitoring Tier), there are no specific implementation requirements for these two pesticides. However, The Final Project Report, provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
The TMDLs for chlorpyrifos and diazinon are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Ag Waiver. The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver proposes to require growers to either perform individual water quality monitoring (Tier 3) or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (Tier 2 & 1) (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by [http://www.ccwqp.org/whatwedo.html Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.] ). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. To reach objectives of CCRWQCB, new monitoring and reporting strategies are included in the March 2011 draft Ag Waiver, to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report) <br />
<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Monitoring Requirements'''<br />
The March 2011 draft Ag Waiver has now split monitoring into three Tiers of monitoring requirements. All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver. <br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to individually: <br />
*conduct monthly water quality sampling following Ag waiver sampling protocols <br />
*conduct photo-monitoring documenting waterway condition <br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan <br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
<br />
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-12T20:24:15Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf Impaired waterbody (303d) list (.pdf)].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody (303d) list (.xls)]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Lompico Creek<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moro Cojo Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River<br />
** Boron, Category 5A<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chloride, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
** Sodium, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* San Lorenzo River<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Zayante Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
**The implementation plans for the rivers within the Pajaro River TMDL require compliance with the Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition and the Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition.<br />
**Municipal storm sewer systems are to implement source identification and prioritization of fecal coliform sources.<br />
***Report when best managment practices are progressing towards achieving the waste-load allocations.<br />
***Coordinate with stakeholders.<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Landowners of crop, fallow, orchard, and forest lands are to manage and monitor sources of sediment in accordance with the conditional ag waiver.<br />
** Pasture and range land owners must comply with land disturbance prohibition.<br />
**Cities must obtain a municipal Separate Storm Sewer System permit, and include specific actions to reduce sediment discharge.<br />
**Owners of property where hydro-modification has occurred must comply with the land disturbance prohibition.<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Monterey and City of Salinas, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program.<br />
**Lands containing domestic animals (pets, farm animals, and livestock) within the lower salinas river watershed (from Gonzales Rd to Moss Landing Harbor) subject to comply with DAWD prohibition<br />
**Lands containing homeless encampments must comply with the HFMD prohibition<br />
**dumping of waste is illegal in Monterey County and the health department responds to illegal dumping complaints, files reports for investigation and engages in public outreach and education. The City of Salinas prosecutes individuals caught dumping waste and has established watershed cleanup efforts along City creeks. Citizens can report illegal dumping via a telephone hotline and financial rewards are given for reporting. <br />
**the City of Salinas, Castroville Community Services DIstrict and California Utilities Service Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) are required to improve maintenance of sewage leaks in portions of the collection systems that are adjacent to impaired waters or their tributaries in the lower salinas watershed. <br />
**Cool Pacific Land Company, UNI-KOOL Salinas Facility and Abbot Street Facility, and Versacold Logistics must comply with fecal indicator bacteria monitoring requirements as permitted point sources under the CCWB general permit.<br />
**The California Utilities WWTP has not yet been a major source of fecal indicator bacteria into impaired water bodies, but it will be monitored as a potential threat to El Toro Creek.<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems(MS4), must develop a Storm Water Management Plan(SWMP) to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. Leaks from privately owned sewer Laterals will also be addressed under this Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program.<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve the maintenance of the sewage collection system that is near any impaired surface waters in the Aptos Creek Watershed. They must submit a technical report describing improvement measures and stream monitoring of fecal indicator bacteria.<br />
**lands containing or used for domestic animals (both pets and livestock) required to comply with the DAWD prohibition. <br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from MS4s, must develop a SWMP to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste. <br />
**Owners of lands containing homeless persons or Onsite Wastewater Systems (septic), or private laterals connecting to the sewer system along the Corralitos and Salsipuedes Creeks must demonstrate compliance with the HFMD prohibition.<br />
**Owners of lands used for or containing domestic animals along the Corralitos and Salsipuedes Creeks must comply with the DAWD prohibition.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville need to develop strategies to address dumpster and receptacle leachate, leaks from private laterals, and new development practices. It is recommended by Central Coast Water Board staff that they target their public education and outreach program to address these issues.<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions.<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T05:28:03Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004. (CCoWS, 2004).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008. (CCWQP, 2008).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009. (CCWQP, 2009).]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL for chlorpyrifos and diazinon is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the Ag Waiver program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T05:27:33Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
* California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) water quality data (2003-<br />
2005).<br />
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) and Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) water quality data (March 2004).<br />
* [http://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/contracts/ccows_frpt.pdf| Monitoring Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Impaired Surface Waters of the Lower Salinas Region, by Central Coast Watershed Studies, Watershed Institute, California Statue University, Monterey Bay. March 31, 2004. (CCoWS, 2004).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/PhaseIFollowupReport_FINAL.pdf| Phase I Follow-Up Water Quality Monitoring: Organophosphate Pesticide Sampling Final Report, Central Coast Region Conditional Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 19, 2008. (CCWQP, 2008).]<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ccamp/documents/SupplementalOPToxReport_Final052809.pdf| Supplemental Water Quality Monitoring for Organophosphate Pesticides and Aquatic Toxicity, Central Coast Region Conditional Ag Waiver Cooperative Monitoring Program, by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. May 28, 2009. (CCWQP, 2009).]<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL for chlorpyrifos and diazinon is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the Ag Waiver program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T05:20:01Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis & Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
*[http://www.ccamp.info/_2010/ccamp/documents/HuntSalinasStudy.pdf| Ambient Toxicity due to Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in a Central California Coastal Watershed, by John Hunt et. al., in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 82- 112, 2003. (Hunt, 2003).]<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL for chlorpyrifos and diazinon is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T05:17:02Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis & Sources==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
The following documents and data were used by water board staff to produce the TMDLs for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in the Lower Salinas River watershed <ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref> :<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Conditional_waiver_of_waste_discharge_requirements_for_irrigated_lands Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL for chlorpyrifos and diazinon is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:32:39Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:31:28Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC) <ref [CDFG] California Department of Fish and Game. Siepmann S, Finlayson BJ. 2000. Water quality criteria for diazinon and chlorpyrifos. California Department of Fish and Game. Office of Spill Prevention and Response Administrative Report 00-3. Sacramento, CA. Available from: http://www.krisweb.com/biblio/cal_cdfg_siepmannetal_2000.pdf </ref>.<br />
, where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:30:19Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC) <ref [CDFG] California Department of Fish and Game. Siepmann S, Finlayson BJ. 2000. Water quality criteria for diazinon and chlorpyrifos. California Department of Fish and Game. Office of Spill Prevention and Response Administrative Report 00-3. Sacramento, CA. Available from: http://www.krisweb.com/biblio/cal_cdfg_siepmannetal_2000.pdf </ref><br />
, where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:16:26Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf 2011 report], staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:14:26Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report, staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-12T04:13:26Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board ([[CCRWQCB]]), the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ State Water Resources Control Board] and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) approved the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Pesticides<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1990 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1998 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1992 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1994 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|1996 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A <br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fourteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination and are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the impaired waterbodies affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are denoted by a "P" in the following Inland Water table. Other BUs of the impaired waterbodies are denoted with an "X".<br />
<br />
BUs for Inland Waters<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Creek'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage-Chualar'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|P<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|X<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
BUs for Natividad Creek, Quail Creek, Chualar Creek, Old Salinas River, and Alisal Slough are not specifically assigned. However, MUN and recreational and aquatic habitat uses are assigned to characterize the waterbodies. <br />
<br />
'''Existing and Anticipated BUs for Coastal Waters'''<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Coastal Water<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | NAV<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | MAR<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|Ea<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|E<br />
|}<br />
E represents an existing BU and a is representative of a BU occurring in the North Harbor.<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated [[beneficial uses]] of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon were created to uphold Aquatic Life and defined by a [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf| 2000 report] by the CDFG. The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets for both the water column and additive numeric targets which include the presence of both organophosphate pesticides. <br />
===Water Column Numeric Targets===<br />
The criterion maximum concentration (CMC) is the average concentration per 1-hour period. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) is the 4-day concentration average. Both the CMC and the CCC are not to be exceeded more than once over the course of any 3-year period. The table below contains the CMC and the CCC for water column numeric targets for each pesticide:<ref name="RWQCB_report"/><ref name="CDFG_report">Siepmann S, Finlayson B. 2000. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from:[http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/hazasm/hazasm00_3.pdf Water Quality Criteria for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos]</ref>. <br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Additive Toxicity Numeric Targets===<br />
The additive numeric targets is applied when both chlorpyrifos and diazinon are present in the water column. This additive target is calculated as follows:<br />
:<math> {Cdiazinon \over NTdiazinon} + {Cchlorpyrifos \over NTchlorpyrifos} = S ; S\le1.0 </math><br />
Where:<br />
<br />
:C= concentration of pesticide measured in water body.<br />
:NT= the numeric target for the water body.<br />
:S = sum. If the sum is greater than 1.0, the beneficial uses are impaired.<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
''The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.''<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed to ensure beneficial uses as defined in the Basin Plan. For the lower Salinas River Watershed, the [[CCRWQCB]] gathered information from the [http://www.ccamp.org/| Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program], [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/| California Department of Pesticide Regulation], [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/| CDFG], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/agriculture/docs/about_agwaivers.pdf| Cooperative Monitoring Program for the Central Coast Agricultural Waiver Program], and [http://watershed.csumb.edu/wi/| California State University, Monterey Bay]. The [[CCRWQCB]] also reviewed discharge rates, land use data, including load assessment methods as recommended by the EPA.<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]](the Ag Waiver program), and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
'''Ag Waiver''' <br />
<br />
The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. Allocations, numeric targets, and TMDLs in the impaired Waterbodies are planned to be achieved by 2025. However, accelerated implementation should occur whenever feasible in order to reach targets as soon as possible. The 2004, and 2011 drafts of the Ag Waiver report include TMDL implementation. The Ag Waiver program is seen by the RWQCB as a sufficient regulatory mechanism to remedy impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The Ag Waiver is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. <br />
<br />
The Ag Waiver states that if a contaminant discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions may be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring. The Final Project report recommends the Agricultural Waiver should establish timeframes for individual dischargers to reach set water quality standards, giving the shortest timeframes to dischargers who pose the greatest risk to water quality. Impairments caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon will be reevaluated Water Board staff when monitoring data is received and during renewals of the Agricultural Order. The conditions of the agricultural waiver will be modified to address remaining surface water impairments. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. <br />
<br />
Other than placing growers using diazinon or chlorpyrifos into Tier 3 monitoring strategy outlined by the 2011 draft Ag waiver, there are no specific implementation requirements.<br />
<br />
'''California Department of Pesticide Regulations'''<br />
<br />
In addition to the Ag Waiver, the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) is another regulatory mechanism that may reduce the amount of chlopyrifos and diazinon entering waterways. DPR is required to reevaluate registration of pesticides. If adverse effects to surface waters caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon cannot be mitigated, DPR can cancel or suspend the registration of the pesticides<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommendations'''<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests requiring pesticides<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''TMDL Final Project Report Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''March 2011 Draft Ag Waiver Montioring Requirements'''<br />
<br />
All growers who discharge chlorpyrifos or diazinon into waterways automatically fall under Tier 3 monitoring requirements, the highest degree of monitoring required by the Ag Waiver.<br />
<br />
The 3rd tier of Ag Waiver monitoring requires each qualifying individual grower to:<br />
<br />
*conduct water quality sampling programs following Ag waiver sampling protocols<br />
*conduct photo-monitoring programs documenting waterway condition<br />
*create a Water Quality Buffer Plan<br />
*produce quarterly discharge monitoring reports <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-12T03:52:53Z<p>Ryanb: /* Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Lompico Creek<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moro Cojo Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River<br />
** Boron, Category 5A<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chloride, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
** Sodium, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* San Lorenzo River<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Zayante Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
**The implementation plans for the rivers within the Pajaro River TMDL require compliance with the Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition and the Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition.<br />
**Municipal storm sewer systems are to implement source identification and prioritization of fecal coliform sources.<br />
***Report when best managment practices are progressing towards achieving the waste-load allocations.<br />
***Coordinate with stakeholders.<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Landowners of crop, fallow, orchard, and forest lands are to manage and monitor sources of sediment in accordance with the conditional ag waiver.<br />
** Pasture and range land owners must comply with land disturbance prohibition.<br />
**Cities must obtain a municipal Separate Storm Sewer System permit, and include specific actions to reduce sediment discharge.<br />
**Owners of property where hydro-modification has occurred must comply with the land disturbance prohibition.<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Monterey and City of Salinas, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program.<br />
**Lands containing domestic animals (pets, farm animals, and livestock) within the lower salinas river watershed (from Gonzales Rd to Moss Landing Harbor) subject to comply with DAWD prohibition<br />
**Lands containing homeless encampments must comply with the HFMD prohibition<br />
**dumping of waste is illegal in Monterey County and the health department responds to illegal dumping complaints, files reports for investigation and engages in public outreach and education. The City of Salinas prosecutes individuals caught dumping waste and has established watershed cleanup efforts along City creeks. Citizens can report illegal dumping via a telephone hotline and financial rewards are given for reporting. <br />
**the City of Salinas, Castroville Community Services DIstrict and California Utilities Service Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) are required to improve maintenance of sewage leaks in portions of the collection systems that are adjacent to impaired waters or their tributaries in the lower salinas watershed. <br />
**Cool Pacific Land Company, UNI-KOOL Salinas Facility and Abbot Street Facility, and Versacold Logistics must comply with fecal indicator bacteria monitoring requirements as permitted point sources under the CCWB general permit.<br />
**The California Utilities WWTP has not yet been a major source of fecal indicator bacteria into impaired water bodies, but it will be monitored as a potential threat to El Toro Creek.<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems(MS4), must develop a Storm Water Management Plan(SWMP) to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. Leaks from privately owned sewer Laterals will also be addressed under this Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program.<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve the maintenance of the sewage collection system that is near any impaired surface waters in the Aptos Creek Watershed. They must submit a technical report describing improvement measures and stream monitoring of fecal indicator bacteria.<br />
**lands containing or used for domestic animals (both pets and livestock) required to comply with the DAWD prohibition. <br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from MS4s, must develop a SWMP to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste. <br />
**Owners of lands containing homeless persons or Onsite Wastewater Systems (septic), or private laterals connecting to the sewer system along the Corralitos and Salsipuedes Creeks must demonstrate compliance with the HFMD prohibition.<br />
**Owners of lands used for or containing domestic animals along the Corralitos and Salsipuedes Creeks must comply with the DAWD prohibition.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville need to develop strategies to address dumpster and receptacle leachate, leaks from private laterals, and new development practices. It is recommended by Central Coast Water Board staff that they target their public education and outreach program to address these issues.<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions.<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:55:46Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Lompico Creek<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moro Cojo Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River<br />
** Boron, Category 5A<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chloride, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
** Sodium, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* San Lorenzo River<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
<br />
* Zayante Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:54:39Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Lompico Creek<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Moro Cojo Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River<br />
** Boron, Category 5A<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chloride, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
** Sodium, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* San Lorenzo River<br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Zayante Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:47:35Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Lompico Creek<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Moro Cojo Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:44:17Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition and Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition <br />
***Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
***Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition. <br />
***Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:39:56Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref> http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:38:19Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs.</ref><br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:37:21Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include: <ref http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:35:39Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls] */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include <ref http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls List of Water Quality Limited Segments Requiring TMDLs. </ref>:<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<ref name="Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:32:08Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls]==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:31:38Z<p>Ryanb: /* Central Coast 303d list documents */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/state_06_303dlist.xls Impaired waterbody list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to ... ===<br />
<br />
Could consider inserting sections here on:<br />
<br />
* Approaches to 'TMDL Development'<br />
* Approaches to developing a 'Margin of Safety'<br />
* Approaches to considering 'Critical conditions and seasonal variation'<br />
<br />
...since sections on these TMDL components occur in Monterey Bay area TMDLS.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL(including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/aptos/pathogens/apt_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<ref name="Corralitos Creek">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/corralitos/fecal_coliform/cor_fec_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Watsonville, under the State Water Resource Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, must develop a Storm Water Management Plan to control urban runoff and incorporate a Wasteload Allocation Attainment Program. <br />
**Santa Cruz County has an ordinance that enforces pet waste pick-up that is effective in public places, and an educational program for residents adjacent to riparian areas and waterbodies to decrease pollution from domestic pet waste.<br />
**Santa Cruz County and City of Watsonville encouraged to eliminate leachate from dumpsters and trash receptacles<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T23:17:40Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Aptos Creek<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Boulder Creek<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Branciforte Creek<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chorro Creek<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5B<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5B<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5B<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5B<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Harkins Slough<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5B<br />
<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL Final Report]</ref><br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the wasteload allocation attainment program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-07T05:41:44Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board] (CCRWQCB)and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) created the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. <br />
<br />
In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|2008 5A 2021<br />
|2008 5A <br />
|2008 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|Pesticides<br />
|1990 5A? 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|Pesticides?<br />
|1992 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A <br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|2008 5A 2013<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|2008 5A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles (195,000 acres) of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination. Of the fifteen bodies, eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD),<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM),<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST),<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD),<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE),<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR), and<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN).<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data for Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). Although the CDFG protocol for Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMC) called for hourly averaged data, instantaneously collected samples were treated as one hour average samples due to data collection limitations. Additionally, the CDFG published<br />
criterion for continuous concentrations (CCC), where a four day average would be collected. Water quality data collection staff have so far not been able to collect four day average samples, and therefore an assessment on chronic toxicology is not currently available. As stated in the 2010 draft report (**ADD LINK**), staff will incorporate a four day average sampling frequency during the TMDL implementation. <br />
<br />
(Section in progress)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
*The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed and concluded that agricultural lands were the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon.<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions reported. Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input<ref name="Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)">Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005). 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_res_pubrev_jan2011.pd Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)]</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the [[Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]] , also referred to as the Ag Waiver program. The requirements of implementation are described in the agricultural order. Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. The TMDL does not state that dischargers of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are required to participate in the Ag waiver program. The 2004, and 2011 draft of the Ag waiver report include TMDL implementation. The report states that all dischargers must comply with applicable TMDLs and meet the requirements within the given compliance date.<br />
<br />
The TMDL Final Project Report provides the following suggestions for implementation: <br />
* hold agricultural runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied<br />
* improve granular application methods to prevent spills<br />
* use enzymes to degrade the chemicals before they enter waterways<br />
* incorporate drip irrigation to reduce agricultural runoff<br />
* rotate crops which do not harbor pests which require pesticides<br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' The agricultural order is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Total_Maximum_Daily_Loads_for_Chlorpyrifos_and_Diazinon_in_Lower_Salinas_River_Watershed_in_Monterey_County,_CaliforniaTotal Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California2011-04-07T05:09:20Z<p>Ryanb: /* Data Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Harlan L, Osmolovsky P. 2011. Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '11 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Definition ==<br />
[[Image:TMDL Project Area.png|200px|thumb|right|Location of TMDL Project Area. Available from:http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011]]In 2011, the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board] (CCRWQCB)and the [http://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency] (EPA) created the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report for the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/pesticide/sal_op_tmdl_projrpt_pubrev_jan2011.pdf TMDL report] evaluated: current concentrations of both pesticides in the watershed area waterbodies, source identification, contaminant reduction, implementation actions, and monitoring requirements. <br />
<br />
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established. In 2001 the EPA mandated the cancellation and restriction of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, until reassessments could ensured that safety requirements were being met <ref name="RWQCB_report"/>. The phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were expected to reduce the concentrations of these pesticides in the following impaired water bodies:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Chlorpyrifos<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Diazinon<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Unknown Toxicity<br />
|-<br />
|'''Moss Landing Harbor'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Old Salinas River'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Tembladero Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Alisal Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Blanco Drain'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Salinas River'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Slough'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Espinosa Lake'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Natividad Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Quail Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chualar Creek'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Watershed Description ==<br />
The project area consists of the Salinas River valley floor north of Gonzalez, out to the dunes along the Monterey Bay. The TMDL study is defined by the lower 400 square miles of the Lower Salinas Valley and includes two major drainage ways leading to Moss Landing Harbor and Salinas River Lagoon (North).<br />
<br />
Surface water sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation. Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April. <br />
<br />
Land use in the project area includes intensive agriculture as well as the urban centers of Salinas, Castroville and Prunedale.<br />
<br />
The project area is characterized by both ephemeral and perennial stream reaches, as the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed| Lower Salinas River]] runs dry during the summer months, and in comparison the lower [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed| Reclamation Ditch]] flows year-round.<br />
<br />
==Problem Statement==<br />
Within the Lower Salinas River Watershed fifteen waterbodies are impaired as a result of pesticides (chlorpyrifos or diazinon) or unknown toxic contamination. Of the fifteen bodies, eleven are listed as impaired according to the Clean Water Act 303(d) list. [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) affected by high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Cold Freshwater Habitat (COLD),<br />
* Warm Freshwater Habitat (WARM),<br />
* Estuarine Habitat (EST),<br />
* Wildlife Habitat (WILD),<br />
* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species (RARE),<br />
* Migration of Aquatic Organisms (MIGR), and<br />
* Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development (SPWN).<br />
<br />
==Data Analysis==<br />
<br />
Water quality data were collected under protocols specified by the California Dept of Fish and Game (CDFG). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS'''):<br />
<br />
The Salinas watershed was found to be impaired due to elevated concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). FIB indicate the general presence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria, and are monitored because specific human pathogens are difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk, but monitoring FIB is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. <br />
<br />
The presence of FIB were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including The Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods, indicated the presence of a pathogen problem, consistent with the listing of the [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." <br />
<br />
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity, and to derive daily load expressions.<br />
<br />
E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity. <br />
<br />
Other assessed waterbodies for which data did not indicate impairment, or for which data were insufficient were:<br />
<br />
*Blanco Drain- not impaired<br />
*El Toro Creek- insufficient data<br />
*Alisal Slough- insufficient data<br />
<br />
==Numeric Target==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [[Basin Plan]] based on the designated beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use). <br />
<br />
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet the numeric targets in the table below.<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Compound<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CMC (ppb)<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | CCC (ppb)<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorpyrifos<br />
|0.025<br />
|0.015<br />
|-<br />
|Diazinon<br />
|0.16<br />
|0.10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Linkage Analysis==<br />
<br />
Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. For Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon the load allocations are equal to the numeric targets. These are the same values that are used for the TMDL.<br />
<br />
*The [[CCRWQCB]] examined data regarding use of both chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the lower Salinas River watershed. Agricultural lands were concluded to be the primary source for both chlorpyrifos and diazinon according to the [[CCRWQCB]].<br />
<br />
== TMDL Development ==<br />
<br />
('''REPLACE ALL THIS''')<br />
<br />
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. <br />
<br />
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data. <br />
<br />
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).<br />
<br />
==Margin of Safety==<br />
<br />
The margin of safety is a concentration based TMDL which is the same as the TMDL numeric targets developed for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The TMDL assumes that there is no additional reduction of compounds resulting from degradation or sediment deposition. Since it is possible that there will be some small amount of reduction through these processes, this assumption contributes to the margin of safety TMDL in the proposed allocation methods. These numeric targets were developed by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), using protocols created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br />
<br />
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==<br />
<br />
Critical conditions are defined as environmental factors that result in exceedance of the water quality standard expressed in terms of load. Because this TMDL is expressed as a concentration, which is equal to the desired water quality condition, there are no critical conditions. <br />
<br />
Water quality objectives may be exceeded during all seasons and therefore are not valid for the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL.<br />
<br />
==TMDL Allocations==<br />
<br />
<br />
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs for the Lower Salinas River Watershed allocations and maximum loads apply to owners and operators of irrigated agricultural lands who have discharges from their lands. Dischargers into an impaired waterbody may not release more diazinon (0.16 ppb) or chlorpyrifos (0.025 ppb) than the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), an allowable concentration that does not exceed one hour. The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) states that over a four hour diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations cannot exceed 0.10 ppb and 0.016 ppb, respectively. Where diazinon and chlorpyrifos are both discharged there is also an additive restriction such that the sum from the following equation must not exceed 1.0:<br />
<br />
<br />
where Cd is the concentration of diazinon in a waterbody, LCd is the CCC or CMC of diazinon, Cc is the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a waterbody, and LCc is the CCC or CMC of chlorpyrifos.<br />
<br />
==Public Participation==<br />
<br />
In an effort to include the public in the development of TMDLs, the Central Coast Water Board (CCWB) solicited public participation in a 45-day public comment period preceding the Central Coast Water Board hearing. Public notice of the hearing was mailed to interested persons and to applicable government agencies, and were available on CCWB website. <br />
A series of meetings were conducted to form the current final report for the the Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL and included the following stakeholders:<br />
<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
* [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/ Monterey County Resource Conservation District]<br />
* [http://www.montereycountyfarmbureau.org/ Monterey County Farm Bureau]<br />
* [http://ag.co.monterey.ca.us/ Monterey County Agricultural Commissioner's Office]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]<br />
* [http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/ City of Salinas]<br />
* [http://www.agwaterquality.org/ Central Coast Agricultural Water Quality Coalition] <br />
* Commercial Farms<br />
* Commercial Ranches<br />
<br />
A series of stakeholder meetings were conducted to form the current final TMDL report with stakeholder input. Resolution (No. R3-2011-0005)<br />
<br />
== Implementation and Monitoring ==<br />
<br />
The Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon TMDLs are being implemented through the agricultural order titled: [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]. The requirements of implementation are described in the agricultural order. Suggestions for implementation, monitoring, and tracking TMDL progress is given in the TMDL report written for the Central Coast California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Rose et al. 2011)<ref name="RWQCB_report"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Implementation ===<br />
<br />
* '''Implementation Actions:''' The TMDL is implemented through the Ag Wavier program. Participants in the program are required to meet the stated reductions of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in discharged waters. The TMDL does not state that dischargers of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon are required to participate in the Ag waiver program. The 2004, and 2011 draft of the Ag waiver report include TMDL implementation. The report states that all dischargers must comply with applicable TMDLs and meet the requirements within the given compliance date.<br />
<br />
The TMDL document provides some suggestions for implementation. The suggested implementation actions are:<br />
* Holding runoff for 72 hours after pesticides are applied.<br />
* Using technology that degrades the chemicals before allowing waters to runoff into the environment<br />
* Use of drip irrigation to limit runoff<br />
* Improvement of application methods to eliminate spills<br />
* Use of treatment enzymes to break down the pesticides<br />
* Use rotation crop methods to reduce the need for pesticides<br />
<br />
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' The agricultural order is the regulatory tool used by the water board to enforce and evaluate the implementation of this TMDL. The order states that if the discharger does not meet the timeline provided in the TMDL, enforcement actions will be made by the regional water board. Compliance with TMDL requirements is assessed by regional board staff, through inspections and monitoring.<br />
<br />
=== Monitoring ===<br />
<br />
These TMDLs are implemented, monitored, and enforced through the Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Discharges from Irrigated Lands (Ag Waiver).(reference) Participants in current or future versions of the Ag Waiver are required to either perform individual water quality monitoring or participate in cooperative water quality monitoring (e.g. The Cooperative Monitoring Program managed by Central Coast Water Quality Preservation Inc.). Land owners must also complete annual implementation and management progress reports RWQCB. These TMDLs rely on the Region 3 RWQCB to implement and enforce monitoring of this TMDL. (reference) To reach RWQCB objectives, the new monitoring and reporting strategies are proposed to be included in the next version of Ag waiver to assess progress towards reaching Cholpyrifos and Diazinon TMDL limits. (ref -Final report)<br />
<br />
'''Recommended Monitoring Strategy '''<br />
<br />
The following recommendations have been made by Cal EPA and Region 3 RWQCB for monitoring and reporting strategy in the next Ag Waiver. <br />
Monitoring and reporting for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon should (reference):<br />
*Span a variety of flow regimes, with sampling occuring four times per water year; twice between May 15th and October 15th, and twice between Oct 15th and March 15, aproximately. One of these sampling events between October 15 and March 15th should include a 7-day continuous sampling event during and/or following a storm event.<br />
*Encourage high-resolution source analysis near farming operations using chlorpyrifos or diazinon that discharge to waterbodies impaired by chlorpyrifos, or diazinon, or toxicity<br />
*Use laboratory and analytical methods that enable data comparison with numeric targets<br />
*Include toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for waterbodies listed as impaired for toxicity, or unknown toxicity. Implementing suggested monitoring and reporting requirements if TIEs help determine chlorpyrifos or diazinon are contributing to toxicity in a waterbody.<br />
*Be located in the lower portions of the watershed, whenever feasible, giving preference to previously established monitoring sites to facilitate trend detection.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Impaired Waterbody Monitoring Sites'''<br />
<br />
{| border="3"<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Impaired Waterbody<br />
!style="background: #efefef;" | Proposed Monitoring Site<br />
|-<br />
|Tembladero Slough<br />
!|309TEH<br />
|-<br />
|Alisal Slough<br />
!|309SSB<br />
|-<br />
|Blanco Drain<br />
!|309BLA<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Upper)<br />
!|309ALG<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas Reclamation Canal (Lower)<br />
!|309JON<br />
|-<br />
|Salinas River<br />
!|309SSP<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Slough<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Espinosa Lake<br />
!|EPL-EPL<br />
|-<br />
|Natividad Creek<br />
!|309NAD<br />
|-<br />
|Quail Creek<br />
!|309QUA<br />
|-<br />
|Chular Creek<br />
!|309CRR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program] <br />
<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]<br />
<br />
* [[Beneficial uses]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T03:46:48Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nickel, Category 5A<br />
** Pathogens, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Temperature, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, Category 5A<br />
** Copper, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Priority Organics, Category 5A<br />
** Sediment Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf]</ref>/<br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the wasteload allocation attainment program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T03:43:32Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, <br />
** Nitrate, <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, <br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Priority Organics,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nickel,<br />
** Pathogens,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a,<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
<br />
* Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Copper,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Priority Organics,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH,<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf]</ref>/<br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the wasteload allocation attainment program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T03:41:49Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, <br />
** Nitrate, <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, <br />
** Unknown Toxicity<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides,<br />
** Turbidity<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Priority Organics,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nickel,<br />
** Pathogens,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Natividad Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River<br />
** Chlorophyll-a,<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Old Salinas River Estuary<br />
** Nutrients,<br />
** Pesticides<br />
<br />
* Quail Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity<br />
<br />
Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower: Ammonia (Unionized), Chlorpyrifos, Copper, Diazinon, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Fecal Coliform, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Pesticides, Priority Organics, Sediment Toxicity, Turbidity, Unknown Toxicity, pH<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf]</ref>/<br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the wasteload allocation attainment program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-07T03:38:26Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Alisal Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, <br />
** Nitrate, <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, <br />
** Unknown Toxicity<br />
<br />
* Blanco Drain<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen,<br />
** Nitrate, Pesticides,<br />
** Turbidity<br />
<br />
* Chualar Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Chlorpyrifos,<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli),<br />
** Fecal Coliform,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Temperature,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Espinosa Slough<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized),<br />
** Diazinon,<br />
** Nitrate,<br />
** Pesticides,<br />
** Priority Organics,<br />
** Sediment Toxicity,<br />
** Turbidity,<br />
** Unknown Toxicity,<br />
** pH<br />
<br />
* Moss Landing Harbor<br />
Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nickel, Pathogens, Pesticides, Sediment Toxicity, Sedimentation/Siltation, pH<br />
<br />
Natividad Creek: Ammonia (Unionized), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Sediment Toxicity, Temperature, Turbidity, Unknown Toxicity, pH<br />
<br />
Old Salinas River: Chlorophyll-a, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Fecal Coliform, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Sediment Toxicity, Turbidity, Unknown Toxicity, pH<br />
<br />
Old Salinas River Estuary: Nutrients, Pesticides<br />
<br />
Quail Creek: Ammonia (Unionized), Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Fecal Coliform, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Sediment Toxicity, Temperature, Turbidity, Unknown Toxicity<br />
<br />
Salinas Reclamation Canal, Lower: Ammonia (Unionized), Chlorpyrifos, Copper, Diazinon, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Fecal Coliform, Low Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Pesticides, Priority Organics, Sediment Toxicity, Turbidity, Unknown Toxicity, pH<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Landowners of crop/orchard land must manage and monitor according to the conditional waiver.<br />
** Landowners of pasture/range land will use management practices from the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, and the Rangeland Water Quality Management Plan.<br />
**Urban land areas within the local municipalities are all participants of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each municipality is responsible for following individual implementation methods, time schedules,a nd reporting requirements.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge (HFMD) Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge (DAWD) Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<ref name="Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/soquel_lagoon/pathogens/soq_path_tmdl_att2_projrep.pdf]</ref>/<br />
** Soquel creek watershed also added to list of watersheds subject to HFMD and DAWD prohibitions<br />
**Santa Cruz County Sanitation District must improve maintenance of the sewage collection systems in order to prevent leaks in areas adjacent to Soquel creek <br />
**County of Santa Cruz and City of Capitola must create storm water management plans that comply with the wasteload allocation attainment program from the Central Coast Water Board<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-05T05:45:31Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Elkhorn Slough<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** Sedimentation/Siltation, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-05T05:42:09Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Carneros Creek<br />
** Ammonia (Unionized), Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/TMDLs_in_the_Monterey_Bay_Region_of_CaliforniaTMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California2011-04-05T05:07:06Z<p>Ryanb: /* Monterey Bay area listings */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page summarizes the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans in the Monterey Bay region of California. The page was created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Under the federal Clean Water Act, all impaired (e.g. polluted) waters in the USA must be placed on a list called the 303d list. A remediation plan must then be developed and implemented for each listing of each impaired water body. These plans are called TMDLs, referring to the goal of defining and achieving a total maximum daily load of each pollutant within each body.<br />
<br />
== Central Coast 303d list documents ==<br />
<br />
The 303d for the Central Coast Region of California is maintained by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. Various links present, explain, and discuss the list, including:<br />
<br />
* From the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3 CCRWQCB web site], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/index.shtml TMDL program], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_list.shtml 303d-list page]:<br />
** [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/303dlists2006/epa/r3_06_303d_reqtmdls.pdf The 303d list approved in 2006].<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf TMDL progress since 2006]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_a.pdf Recommended changes since the 2006 list]<br />
** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f.shtml 2008 New or Revised Fact Sheets for the Central Coast region]<br />
** 2008 listings by category (see below for explanation of categories):<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_b.shtml Category 2]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_c.shtml Category 3]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_d.shtml Category 4A]<br />
*** [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Category 5]<br />
<br />
'''Summary of listing categories'''. The CCRWQCB has assigned grouped 303d listings into the following categories<ref>[[CCRWQCB|Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board]]. 2009. Clean water act sections 305(b)and 303(d)integrated report for the Central Coast region. Public review draft April. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/2008_0409_draft_integrated_report.pdf</ref>:<br />
<br />
* Category 1. All core uses are supported;<br />
* Category 2. At least one core use is supported;<br />
* Category 3. Insufficient information exists to make a determination;<br />
* Category 4A. At least one core use is not supported, however "a TMDL has been developed and approved by USEPA and is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified time frame (p.10, CCRWQCB)." <br />
* Category 4B. At least one core use is not supported, however "an existing regulatory program is reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard within a reasonable, specified timeframe (p.10,CCRWQCB)."<br />
* Category 5. At least one core use is not supported. A TMDL needs to be developed.<br />
<br />
== Monterey Bay area listings ==<br />
<br />
The closest listings to Monterey Bay include:<br />
<br />
* Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd crossing). ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00860.shtml#5282 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Chlordane, Category 5A <br />
** Chloride, medium priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Dieldrin, Category 5A<br />
** Electrical Conductivity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Enterococcus, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. coli), Category 5A<br />
** Fecal Coliform, low priority, Category 5A, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/salinas_fecal_col_data_anal_rpt_june05_deliverable.pdf Report] <br />
** Nitrate, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, Category 5A<br />
** pH, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Sodium, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Dissolved Solids, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, high priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00812.shtml Fact Sheet])<br />
** Pathogens, USEPA approved TMDL, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Project Report], low priority, Category 5B <br />
** Pesticides, TMDL in Progress, [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/watsonville/ph4_prj_rpt_watsonville_slough_pest_update.pdf Preliminary Project Report], low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Diazinon, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Total Coliform, low priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pathogens, low priority, Category 5B<br />
** Pesticides, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Low Dissolved Oxygen, low priority, Category 5A<br />
* Tembladero Slough. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00856.shtml#5630 Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, SWRCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorophyll-a, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Chlorpyrifos, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Diazinon, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A<br />
** Escherichia coli (E. Coli), CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Total Coliform, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Unknown Toxicity, CCRWQCB approved,high priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, CCRWQCB approved, low priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nutrients, CCRWQCB approved, high priority, Category 5A <br />
** Pesticides, CCRWQCB approved, Category 5A<br />
* Gabilan Creek. ([http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml Listing], [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_f/00865.shtml Fact Sheet]) <br />
** Fecal Coliform, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Nitrate, High Priority, Category 5A<br />
** pH, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
** Turbidity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Unknown Toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Ammonia, High Priority, Category 5A <br />
** Sediment toxicity, Low Priority, Category 5A<br />
<br />
== TMDL development and implementation ==<br />
<br />
The federal EPA provides [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/strathp.pdf protocols for TMDL development] in general, and for specific types of constituents such as [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf pathogens]. These protocols outline the following components of a TMDL:<br />
<br />
* Identify waters requiring TMDLs<br />
* Priority ranking and targeting<br />
* Develop TMDLs (see below)<br />
* Assess control actions<br />
** Evaluating success of control actions through monitoring is required in some states, but this is not directly required at the federal level unless a point source permit under section 402 is revised<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Components of TMDL development ===<br />
<br />
According to EPA Protocols<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs]</ref>, TMDLs should be comprised of the following components, which are typically described in separate sections of each TMDL Report:<br />
<br />
* Problem Statement<br />
** Identify Problem<br />
*** Problem identification starts the process of the TMDL by summarizing the existing impairments, where they are located, and what probable sources are known. Collecting existing data, identifying designated uses, and evaluating seasonal factors are parts of this early summary.<br />
* Numeric Targets<br />
** Develop Numeric Targets<br />
*** Research applicable water quality standards for the waterbody depending on jurisdictions and uses.<br />
** Select indicators<br />
*** Technical and general scientific validity and practical time and cost considerations are useful in selecting whch indicators to pick.<br />
** Identify target values<br />
*** Choosing target values or conditions is complex, so local examples and experience in setting target values is extremely useful in the process. Various historical levels, and especially reference reach conditions can start the process. Other factors to consider when setting values are seasonal fluxes and spatial variability in the indicator. Values can be graduated on categorical type (e.g. tributary vs. main stem), and a margin of safety should be applied. The margin of safety is based on reliability and accuracy of indicator measurements, the degree of impairment, direct impacts,and best professional judgment based on experience and literature.<br />
** Compare existing and target conditions<br />
* Source Assessment<br />
** Identify sources<br />
***Inventory possible sources, characterize types of sources and their possible pathways.<br />
** Estimate source loadings<br />
***Monitoring data, statistical relationships, and models are used to estimate loads. <br />
* Linkage Analysis <br />
** Link Targets and Sources<br />
***Identify pathways of cause and effect between pollutant source and water quality target. Define needed level of analysis and then use monitoring data, variability, hydraulic characteristics, and type of indicator to create links. Simulation models can be utilized when other means are not sufficient to link indicators and sources.<br />
** Assess linkages<br />
** Estimate total loading capacity<br />
* Allocations<br />
** Load allocation<br />
** Divide load among sources<br />
* Monitoring/Evaluation Plan<br />
** Develop monitoring plan<br />
** Develop review plan<br />
** Develop schedule<br />
** Implementation Plan<br />
** Develop plan<br />
*** Currently, once a TMDL is developed and approved for a water body it can be removed from the 303d list<ref name="killam"><br />
Killam G. 2005. The Clean Water Act Owner's Manual. Oregon: River Network.</ref><br />
* Implement control action<br />
** This can involve lowering permitted discharges if present, and using as many other strategies as possible. Other strategies could be regulations, educational programs, best management practices, cost-sharing or other assistance, and use of volunteer groups<ref name="killam"/>.<br />
<br />
== Approaches to TMDL development and implementation in the Monterey Bay area ==<br />
<br />
Approaches to each of the above components vary throughout the nation. Approaches used in the Monterey Bay area are summarized here. First, a list is given of the approved TMDLs that are considered in this summary. This is followed by a summary of approaches used within these TMDLs, organized according to the different components of a TMDL.<br />
<br />
=== Regionally approved TMDLs considered in this summary ===<br />
<br />
TMDLs for the Monterey Bay area approved by the [[CCRWQCB]] are listed below (a subset of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml full list for the region]).<br />
<br />
* Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Approved at the Federal, State and Regional level<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
** Approved at the Regional level only.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Problem Identification ===<br />
<br />
On the Central Coast of California, listings on the 303(d) list have been based on the specific water quality objectives contained within the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/bp_pdfversion/index.shtml Basin Plan] for the region. Once water bodies have been listed, the state prioritizes them for TMDL development. The TMDL should include a problem statement, which is a description of the waterbody/watershed setting, beneficial use impairments of concern, and pollutants or stressors causing the impairment <ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/TMDLs/TMDL+Overview EPA Region 10 TMDL process overview</ref>. Information used to prepare problem statements for approved TMDLs in the Monterey Bay is summarized below.<br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River Watershed''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Pajaro River and Llagas creek were listed as impaired by sediment on the 1998 Section 303(d) based on qualitative assessment of turbidity <Ref> The Establishment of Nutrient Objectives, Sources, Impacts, and Best Management Practices for the Pajaro River and Llagas Creek, San Jose State University 1996 </Ref>. The 303(d) listing report did not specify which beneficial uses were affected.<br />
* Rider Creek was listed as impaired by sediment/siltation based on the sediment budget analysis which found sediment being exported to Corralitos Creek, and degrading steelhead rearing habitat <Ref> Rider Creek Sediment Management Plan, Santa Cruz County, California WRC Environmental, 1991 </Ref><br />
* San Benito River was found to be sediment starved, and causing accelerated downcutting and increased headwater incision <Ref> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Degradation of the San Benito River, Golder Associates, 1997 </Ref> . It was listed as impaired by sediments. <br />
* Assessment of nitrate concentration was used to check the quality of municipal and domestic water supply.<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River Watershed'''<ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* Counts of endangered and threatened fish populations of steelhead trout and Coho salmon were shown to be in decline.<br />
* San Lorenzo River, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and Shingle Mill Creek were identified as impaired by sediment due to negative impact to beneficial uses associated with anadromous fisheries.<br />
* Municipal water suppliers were stated to have shut down the intake facilities during the periods of high flows because the facilities' filtering capacities were overwhelmed by excessive turbidity and sedimentation.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough''' (no explicit problem statement section) <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
* Section 3.5 of Watsonville Slough TMDL states that water quality objectives for water contact recreation beneficial use (REC1) were routinely exceeded in several locations. <br />
* Wet and dry season sampling for fecal bacteria was used to confirm the existence of a potential pathogen problem in the water body. <br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento'''<ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> <br />
<br />
* Basin Plan and California Toxics Rule objectives were stated to have been exceeded with respect to mercury in the waters of Lake Nacimiento and Las Tablas Creek.<br />
* Total Nickel Content in Klau Branch tributaty of the S. Fork Las Tablas Creek was stated to have exceeded Basin Plan Water Quality Objectives.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets ===<br />
<br />
Approaches to developing numeric targets in TMDLS differ depending on the pollutant being targeted.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Pathogens ====<br />
<br />
Pathogen levels are often quantified in terms of their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_probable_number most probable number (MPN)] per unit volume of water. This metric is used in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli)] TMDL standard developed for Watsonville Sloughs <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref>. The TMDL numeric targets for E. coli in Watsonville Sloughs are defined to be: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean Geometric mean] 200MPN/100ml (min of 5 samples per 30 days)<br />
* Maximum of 400MPN/100ml (not more than 10% of samples per 30 days)<br />
<br />
For more information on pathogen TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pathogen_all.pdf US EPA Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Sediment ====<br />
<br />
Sediment TMDLs use a different approach. For the Monterey Bay area, annual total sediment load by weight is used to describe TMDL numeric targets. Sediment has two categories, uncontrollable (natural or background) and controllable. TMDLs target the controllable portion of sediment and include the natural levels in the equation. To better define the sediment load a watershed may release, the watershed can be divided into sub- watersheds to determine each sub-region's allowable contribution to the whole. For the Monterey Bay Region, two separate sediment TMDLs have been developed:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Tres Pinos - 53,778 metric tons/year<br />
** San Benito - 39,679 metric tons/year<br />
** Llagas - 9,185 metric tons/year<br />
** Uvas - 15,177 metric tons/year<br />
** Upper Pajaro - 43,951 metric tons/year<br />
** Corralitos (including Rider Creek) - 11,389 metric tons/year<br />
** Mouth of Pajaro - 7,268 metric tons/year<br />
* San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Shingle Mill Creek- 857 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 11,728 tons/year<br />
** Carbonera Creek - 9,542 tons/year<br />
** San Lorenzo River - 306,139 tons/year<br />
<br />
For more information on sediment TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing sediment TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/sediment/pdf/sediment.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Sediment TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Nutrients ====<br />
<br />
Nitrate levels are usually measured in mg/l nitrate-N. Since the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Title 40 part 141.23<ref name="US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/40cfr141_02.html]US EPA Title 40 PART 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. </ref> regulates nitrate not to exceed 10mg/l of nitrate-N, this is a common TMDL numeric target applied to watersheds. An example in the Monterey Bay Region can be found in the Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL report<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref> This report concludes:<br />
*Nitrate in Pajaro River and Llagas Creek is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N<br />
For more information on nutrient TMDL development, see The United States Environmental Protection Agency "Protocol for developing nutrient TMDLs"<ref name="US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs">[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf]US EPA Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDLs. </ref><br />
<br />
==== Approaches to developing Numeric Targets for Metals ====<br />
<br />
Toxic metals can be either suspended or present in sediment, therefore they must be monitored both in the water column and within the sediment. Mercury, as an example in Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref> includes both water quality and sediment targets in its TMDL: <br />
<br />
* The Cal/EPA 40 CFR Part 131<ref name="California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule">[http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf]California Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 131 Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California; Rule. </ref>, also referred to as the "California Toxic Rules" regulates mercury in water at 0.05 μg/L. This is the targeted water quality TMDL. <br />
* For sediment, the proposed TMDL target for mercury is 0.486 mg/kg. This target is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Permissible Exposure Limits [http://chemresponsetool.noaa.gov/loc_guide/pel.htm (NOAA PEL)]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Source Analysis ===<br />
<br />
The objective of the source analysis is to evaluate the type, magnitude and location of sources. This involves the combination of various modeling, monitoring and modeling techniques to determine nutrient inputs. Results from the source assessment are used to formulate load allocation of the TMDL. A summary of the approaches that have been used to identify and analyze potential sources in TMDLs approved so far in the California Central Coast Region are listed below.<br />
<br />
'''Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
<br />
*Initial Source Tracking<br />
**Initial monitoring : sampling<br />
**Increased monitoring to problem areas to isolate and identify sources: focused grab sampling and dye testing<br />
*Genetic Analysis<br />
**Toxic Gene Biomarker Method<br />
***DNA extraction of E. coli colonies on agar plates in water grab samples <br />
***DNA analysis for presence/ absence of toxin genes specific to host animals <br />
*Hydrologic Modification Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between waterbody circulation and bacteria concentration<br />
*Land Use Distribution Analysis<br />
**Analysis of potential relationships between land use in subwatersheds with exceedences of water quality objectives <br />
<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Integrated quantitative past source identification with analysis by Tetra Tech<br />
**Past source identification analysis consisted of the collection and analysis of sediment data <br />
**Tetra Tech used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to quantify sediment sources<br />
'''Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
*Land use based approach<br />
**Use of multi-resolution datasets to identify land cover type <br />
**Sample data collection <br />
**Pollution load equation in ArcGIS to calculate nonpoint sources of pollution in watersheds.<br />
***PLOAD Version 3.0<br />
<br />
'''San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL -Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Sediment source and sediment production data was used to estimate erosion rates, delivery ratios and sedimentation rates.<br />
**Sediment source data derived from GIS layers obtained from Santa Cruz county's Environmental management information system (SCC EMIS)<br />
**Sediment production data derived from<br />
***Field data collected on roads and landslides<br />
***Field data collected for stream bank erosion<br />
***Extrapolation of field data and sediment production estimates<br />
<br />
'''Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL''' <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
<br />
*Developed a Mercury loading model based on a geographical information systems (GIS) database combined with chemical sample data (Mercury loading model and chemical sample data from Rice et al. 2004)<br />
**Estimated basin and sub-basin areas using GIS and Calwater 2.2 basin outlines<br />
**Estimated mercury concentration for each area<br />
**Summed annual mercury loads for each sub-area to create a mercury load model<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to Linkage Analysis ===<br />
<br />
Linkage analysis involves examining and establishing cause-and-effect connections between the pollutant sources and the water quality [[#Approaches_to_developing_Numeric_Targets | targets]]. This linkage can be established through a combination of long-term monitoring data analysis, simulation models, best professional judgment, and previously established relationships. The association between pollutant sources and water quality targets established by the linkage can be used to estimate the pollution [[TMDL_load|load]] capacity of the watershed. This load capacity is the quantity of pollution (load) that the watershed can withstand while also sustaining designated [[beneficial uses]]. Once calculated, the predicted pollutant load for the watershed must be validated for accuracy and precision. The product of the validation will be to assign all predictions an associated estimation of uncertainty. After the allowable pollution load is estimated, it can be divided up among the various sources in the watershed. <br />
<br />
When evaluating linkages between pollutant sources and water quality targets, there are several points to consider:<br />
<br />
* Given the indicator to be evaluated, availability of monitoring data, watershed/waterbody hydrology and temporal and spatial variation: <br />
** What scale of complexity is most appropriate for the analysis? <br />
** What are the advantages and disadvantages for various approaches?<br />
* What available present and previous relevant monitoring data exists for this watershed/waterbody?<br />
<br />
The [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] described several approaches for linkage analysis:<br />
<br />
* [[#Approaches_to_Source_Analysis|Approaches described for Source Analysis]]<br />
* Concentration and Response relationships (simplified systems)<br />
* Complex simulation models including:<br />
** Hydrodynamic and water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIVI) <br />
** Enhanced Stream Water Quality model (QUAL2E)<br />
**WASP5 modeling system for predicting transport and fate of pollutants in surface waters<br />
** EUTROMOD spreadsheet-based watershed and lake modeling system<br />
** PHOSMOD stratified lake phosphorous-loading model<br />
** BATHTUB eutrophication models for lakes and reservoirs with complex shapes<br />
**CE-QUAL-Q2 two dimensional water quality model<br />
** Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAM (HSPF)<br />
** CE-QUAL-ICM 3-dimentional, detailed algorithm-based water quality kinetics model<br />
<br />
Examples of Linkage Analysis approaches employed in the Monterey Bay Region of California include:<br />
<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek, Rider Creek and San Benito Creek) sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Combined suspended soil concentration into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to link sediment sources to in-stream indicators, determine existing sediment loads, and evaluate optimal TMDL load reductions <br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume and mean gravel size) to estimate watershed disturbance<br />
* Pajaro River (including Llagas Creek) nitrate TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Insufficient data collected for linkage analysis.<br />
* Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL <ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** Incomplete linkage analysis<br />
* Chorro Creek Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen TMDL <ref <br />
name="ChorroNutsDOTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0044_tmdl_project_report.pdf Chorro Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen, Final Project Report November 2005].</ref><br />
** Employed a combination of monitoring data, statistical analysis and best professional judgement <br />
* San Luis Obispo Creek Nitrogen-as-Nitrate TMDL<ref <br />
name="SLONitrateMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0106_slo_nut_tmdl_attach_b_proj_report.pdf San Luis Obispo Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete<br />
* Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Nutrients TMDL<ref <br />
name="LosOsosNutsTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2004/2004_0165_los_osos_nutr_tmdl_final_proj_report.pdf Los Osos Creek, Warden Creek, and Warden Lake Wetland Total Maximum Daily Loads for Nitrogen as Nitrate, Final Project Report June 2005].</ref><br />
** Linkage analysis incomplete <br />
* San Lorenzo River(including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Statistical analyses of stream bed characteristics (including pool volume, mean gravel size and percentage fines and coarse fines) to estimate watershed disturbance.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Load Allocations ===<br />
<br />
Load allocations indicate the amount of pollutant reduction that is required to attain specified water quality standards. Allocations may be assigned based on land use, land area, or erosional process. The regulations at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 130.2(g) state that “Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading.” Not all TMDL allocations are in the form of load. The regulations at 40 CFR 130.2 (i) state "a mass load of the pollutant can also be expressed as a unit of concentration." <br />
<br />
The techniques used to allocate new water quality standards vary between TMDL's. Below is a list of some of the of approaches to load allocation used in the California Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
*Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The nitrate TMDL is set at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/l nitrate-N in receiving water <br />
**Specific Sources: Load allocations of 10 mg/l nitrate-N are assigned to each source, including background and all watershed land uses<br />
*Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf <br />
Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: The numeric targets are based on exposure index (concentration and duration) developed by Newcombe and Jensen. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: Numeric targets were established for four stream bed parameters. The parameters are residual pool volume, median gravel size in spawning gravels, %fine material for fine fines and %fine material for coarse spawning gravel.<br />
**Specific Sources:<br />
***Suspended Sediment: Due to varying natural suspended sediment conditions through out the watershed individual sub-basins were assigned unique load allocation numbers. <br />
***Stream Bed Characteristics: The Pajaro River including Llagas, Rider and San Benito creeks are all considered one source. All of the listed stream bed parameters exists across the different sources. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: The numeric target includes a maximum concentration and geometric mean. Maximum Concentration: No more than 10% of total samples during a period of 30days can exceed a fecal coliform concentration above 400 MPN/100ml. Geometric Mean: The geometric mean of no less than five samples over a period of 30 days exceed a concentration of 200 MPN/100ml. <br />
**Specific Sources: The numeric targets apply to all samples collected in the Watsonville Slough and including Gallighan, Harkin, Hanson and Struve Sloughs.<br />
<br />
<br />
*San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocation: Allocations are in the form annual loads.<br />
**Specific Sources: Allocations were divided between each sub-basin (Shingle Mill Creek, Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek and San Lorenzo River. For each sub-basin load sources were divided between Upland THP Roads, Streamside THP Roads on Steep Slopes, Upland Public/Private Roads, Streamside Public/Private Roads on Steep Slopes, THP Land, Other Urban and Rural Land, Mass Wastig and Channel/Bank Erosion. <br />
<br />
<br />
*Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL <ref name="Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0107_las_tablas_mercury_tmdl_final_proj_rpt.pdf <br />
Las Tablas Creek and Lake Nacimiento Mercury TMDL - Draft Report].</ref><br />
**Load Allocations: allocations are in the form of annual load. <br />
**Specific Sources: There are three sources that were specified, General Soils, Roads and Mines.<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan === <br />
Monitoring is required to identify impaired waters, prioritize clean up plans and provide feedback on effectiveness of TMDL implementation. A monitoring and evaluation plan should indicate monitoring goals and hypotheses, parameters to monitor, the monitoring methods to use, schedule for review and potential revision, and the parties responsible for implementing the plan. The plan must contain incremental, measurable targets consistent with implementation actions and the time frame for implementing those actions. For further detail, refer to [http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/nutrient/pdf/nutrient.pdf EPA Protocols document]<br />
<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
** 8 monitoring locations specified to evaluate attainment and allocations of TMDL, 5 grab samples from each site collected over a 30 day period in early wet season, late wet season and dry season. <br />
** Potential sources at each location share responsibility for monitoring- City of Watsonville and Santa Cruz County stormwater outfalls and landfills, livestock operators and manure applicators.<br />
** Monitor for at least 3 years. Water Board will determine the need to continue or modify requirements. Monitoring results incorporated into MS4 Stormwater Permit and Waste Discharge Requirement annual reports.<br />
* '''Pajaro River sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** No specific monitoring program exists to measure sediment numeric target. <br />
** Water Board staff relay on site assessment, photo documentation and annual reporting required by Agricultural Waiver Program for Irrigated Agriculture, Timber Harvest Monitoring Plan for forested land, monitoring and reporting by municipalities for Stormwater Program, and monitoring plans required for sand and gravel mining activities. <br />
** Monitoring plan needs to be developed within 5 years and will build upon existing monitoring. Monitoring data reviewed every 3 years for regional stormwater permit. Additional monitoring can be requested under section 13383 of California Water Code.<br />
* '''Pajaro River nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan measures progress of attaining nitrate TMDL target and evaluates impairment due to excessive algae and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** For Irrigated lands, landowners are resposible for monitoring nitrate under Agricultural Conditional Waiver. South County Wastewater Authority monitors nitrate according to Wastewater Discharge Requirements. <br />
** Water Board staff will develop and conduct algae and dissolved oxygen monitoring plan, including chemical, physical and biological data collection. Monitoring will be designed to determine what metric should be used to evaluate excessive algae, what level of algae should be considered excessive, what is the frequency, duration and spatial extent of algae, what are contributing factors to algal growth, does algae impair beneficial uses, and are low dissolved oxygen conditions a result of algae or other chemical or physical characteristics.<br />
** Monitoring results reviewed every 3 years. If studies result in improved information to evaluate exceedence algae, numeric targets for algae impairment will be set and if appropriate, a separate TMDL to address algal growth and low dissolved oxygen.<br />
** If data do not show algal exceedence and nitrate numeric targets and allocations are attained, waterbody will be de-listed for nutrient impairment.<br />
* '''San Lorenzo Rver sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
** Monitoring plan is designed to determine numeric targets are met, to track completion of implementation actions and to expand information upon which future actions will be based.<br />
** Santa Cruz County is responsible for monitoring effectiveness of erosion controls and physical factors influencing local sedimentation and salmonid habitat quality. <br />
** City of Santa Cruz Water Department and San Lorenzo Water District are responsible for conducting continuous turbidity trend monitoring.<br />
** Numeric target monitoring takes place at mouths of tributaries, at monthly intervals during low flow conditions.Bed sedimentation, stream geomorphology, bank erosion and stream flow is monitored in mainstem and tributaries at intervals of 1 to 5 years.<br />
** Monitoring of sediment and habitat-related parameters are coordinated through the county-led San Lorenzo River Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). TAC reviews data annually and evaluates effectiveness of existing implementation efforts.<br />
** Every 3 years Rgional Water Board staff reviews monitoring data, determines TMDL compliance and considers changes to monitoring.<br />
The following organizations have contributed monitoring data for Monterey Bay area:<br />
* [http://www.ccamp.org Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Snapshot_Day/index.htm Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) Snap Shot Day]<br />
* [http://www.coastal-watershed.org/Programs/Clean_Streams/index.htm CWC Clean Streams Project]<br />
* [http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Monitoring/ National Estuarine Research Reserve Monitoring Program (NERRMP)]<br />
* [http://www.cclean.org/ Central Coast Long Term Environmental Assessment Program (CCLEAN)]<br />
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCOWS)]<br />
* [http://www.ccwqp.org/ Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc.(CCWQP) Northern and Southern Area Ag-Waiver Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/default.aspx Department of Health Services]<br />
* [http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ Department of Pesticide Regulation]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Mussel Watch]<br />
* [http://csc-s-maps-q.csc.noaa.gov/legislativeatlas/lawDetails.jsp?lawID=117 State Toxic Substances Monitoring]<br />
* [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/bptcp/ Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program]<br />
<br />
=== Approaches to developing Implementation Plans ===<br />
<br />
The purpose of an Implementation Plan is to describe the steps necessary to<br />
reduce pollutant loads to achieve these TMDLs. Implementation Plans identify the following: <br />
1) actions expected to reduce pollutant loading; <br />
2) parties responsible for taking these actions; <br />
3) regulatory mechanisms by which the Central Coast Water Board will assure these actions are taken; <br />
4) reporting and evaluation requirements that will indicate progress toward completing the actions; <br />
5) a timeline for completion of implementation actions.<br />
Implementation Plans also address economic considerations to achieve compliance.<br />
Several approaches to specifying a monitoring plan have been adopted in federally approved TMDLS in the Monterey Bay area. <br />
* '''Watsonville Slough Pathogen TMDL:'''<ref <br />
name="WatsonvillePathogensTMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2006/2006_0025_wat_path_proj_rpt.pdf Watsonville Slough Pathogens TMDL - Final Project Report, DRAFT].</ref><br />
**The cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz are required to participate in public education through outreach.<br />
**City and county sewer systems must prioritize maintinence to reduce potential sources of pathogens.<br />
**Propery owners, and residence within Watsonville slough watershed and contributing tributaries must reduce or eliminate all potential pet waste that may enter waterbodies.<br />
**Just as pet waste must be regulated so must livestock waste.<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Sediment TMDL:'''<ref name="Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0132_paj_sed_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River (Including San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Rider Creek) Sediment TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
**A NPS Implementation plan must identify the beneficial uses and water quality requirements the plan is designed to address.<br />
**Implementation plan must identify and describe the management practices to be employed.<br />
**Implementation time schedule must be provided.<br />
**Proper reporting, monitoring, and inspection requirements must be defined.<br />
**Outline of potential consequences of failure must be provided<br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Nitrate TMDL:''' <ref name="Pajaro River (Including Llagas Creek) Nitrate TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2005/2005_0131_paj_nitrate_tmdl_attach_b_final_project_report.pdf Pajaro River Nitrate (Including Llagas Creek) TDML - Final Project Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Pajaro River Fecal Coliform TMDL''' (including Pajaro River, San Benito River, Llagas Creek and Tequisquita Slough)<br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River sediment TMDL:''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2002/2002_0063_slr_sed_tmdl_proj_rpt.pdf San Lorenzo River (Including Carbonera Creek, Lompico Creek, and Shingle Mill Creek) Sediment TMDL - Report].</ref><br />
<br />
* '''San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL''' <ref name="San Lorenzo River Watershed Pathogen TMDL (including San Lorenzo River Estuary, San Lorenzo River, Branciforte Creek, Camp Evers Creek, Carbonera Creek and Lompico Creek)">[http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/san_lorenzo/pathogens/slr_path_tmdl_stff_rpt.pdf].</ref><br />
**SLV watershed subjected to prohibitions <br />
*** Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Cities of Santa Cruz and Scotts Valley are required to prevent any spills and leaks from their sewer systems pursuant to their NPDES permits. Immediate cessation is required of any leaks detected from private owners of lateral entries to the sewer systems. <br />
****Private homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of onsite wastewater disposal systems (septic systems)and must also demonstrate compliance with the prohibition.<br />
*** Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition<br />
****Any landowners or operators of lands containing domestic animals (including pets, farm animals, and livestock)must provide evidence of compliance with the prohibition and submit a plan for future compliance. Any discharge must be reported or they must obtain an NPDES permit. <br />
**Urban runoff discharge controlled through the development and implementation of Storm Water Management Plans. these plans are required to target sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in urban runoff through the incorporation of wasteload allocation attainment programs. The City of Santa Cruz has installed pumps to divert dry weather stormwater discharges to the wastewater treatment system in order to improve the San Lorenzo Estuary water quality in summer months. <br />
* '''Lower Salinas River Watershed Fecal Coliform TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Soquel Lagoon Pathogens TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Aptos/Valencia Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
* '''Corralitos Creek Pathogen TMDL'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:30:31Z<p>Ryanb: /* Research Projects on Triple M Ranch */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Wetland restoration project plans. Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
[http://hydro.csumb.edu/Doug/html/Bassett_wetland_sed_alba_2010.pdf Quantifying spatially-explicit change in sediment storage on an emerging floodplain and wetland on Carneros Creek, CA (May 2010)]<br />
<br />
[http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time<br />
Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff (December 2010)]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:30:06Z<p>Ryanb: /* Research Projects on Triple M Ranch */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Wetland restoration project plans. Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
[http://hydro.csumb.edu/Doug/html/Bassett_wetland_sed_alba_2010.pdf Quantifying spatially-explicit change in sediment storage on an emerging floodplain and wetland on Carneros Creek, CA (May 2010)]<br />
<br />
http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time<br />
Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff (December 2010)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:28:57Z<p>Ryanb: /* Research Projects on Triple M Ranch */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Wetland restoration project plans. Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
[http://hydro.csumb.edu/Doug/html/Bassett_wetland_sed_alba_2010.pdf Quantifying spatially-explicit change in sediment storage on an emerging floodplain and wetland on Carneros Creek, CA (May 2010)]<br />
<br />
[http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time<br />
Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff (December 2010)]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:28:33Z<p>Ryanb: /* Research Projects on Triple M Ranch */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Wetland restoration project plans. Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
[[http://hydro.csumb.edu/Doug/html/Bassett_wetland_sed_alba_2010.pdf Quantifying spatially-explicit change in sediment storage on an emerging floodplain and wetland on Carneros Creek, CA (May 2010)]]<br />
<br />
[[http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time<br />
Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff (December 2010)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:17:49Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Wetland restoration project plans. Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:TripleMMap_Laurel.jpgFile:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg2011-02-10T22:11:26Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>== References ==<br />
Image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates, Triple M Ranch Land Management Plan<br />
May 2003 http://elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/1238016056Triple%20M%20in%20Context%20Map.pdf<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
[[Triple M Ranch]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:Restoration_map.jpgFile:Restoration map.jpg2011-02-10T22:07:08Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>== References ==<br />
Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.<br />
Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. <br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
[[Triple M Ranch]]</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:03:57Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|400px|thumb|Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:03:01Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|400px|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|200px|thumb|Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T22:02:26Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Restoration map.jpg|200px|thumb|Image courtesy of Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC.]]<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/File:Restoration_map.jpgFile:Restoration map.jpg2011-02-10T21:59:45Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ryanbhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Triple_M_RanchTriple M Ranch2011-02-10T21:56:36Z<p>Ryanb: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Triple M Ranch is a 195 acre farm located in the lower [[Carneros Watershed]] at 420 Hall Road, Las Lomas, CA. 95076. It is owned an operated by Agriculture and Land-Based Training Association ([[ALBA]]).<br />
<br />
[[Image:TripleMMap Laurel.jpg|thumb|Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates.]]<ref>[1] Location of Triple M Ranch, image courtesy of Laurel Marcus & Associates. [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref><br />
<br />
== Setting ==<br />
<br />
The Triple M Ranch was purchased by [[ALBA]] <ref>[3] http://www.albafarmers.org/about.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>, with conditional assistance from the California State Coastal Conservancy and the Packard Foundation in 2000. As part of the conditional assistance received when purchasing the land, ALBA has set aside 135 acres of the ranch as a natural land easement <ref>[4] http://www.albafarmers.org/farms.html [accessed 30 Jan 2011] </ref>. Development rights to the land were given to the [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], ensuring that the Triple M Ranch will remain undeveloped and that a substantial portion of the property will remain a natural preserve.<br />
<br />
== Wetland Restoration Project ==<br />
The ESF in conjunction with [[ALBA]], completed a Land Management Plan that outlined a project to restore and enhance natural land on the property. The goals of this management plan include (among others) the restoration of the Carneros Creek riparian corridor and of site wetlands; the creation of hills and ponds for the purpose of providing habitat for special status amphibians; and the improvement of water quality and flood protection.<ref>[5] Laurel Marcus & Associates. 2003. Triple M Ranch land management plan. Prepared for the Elkhorn Slough Foundation </ref> <ref>[6] Largay B. 2007. ALBA Triple M Wetlands Project: Existing conditions and Conceptual Design-Technical Advisory Committee Review Draft. Largay Hydrologic Sciences, LLC. http://hydro.csumb.edu/ALBA_CSUMB/ALBA_Triple_M_Conditions_Concepts.pdf. </ref>. The reach of Carneros Creek that bisects the property has historically been channelized and straightened in past decades. Currently, however, the creek is in the process of "self-restoration" as dredge spoil levees have been allowed to degrade and the flow is no longer confined within an artificial channel <ref>[2] Holloway R. 2010. Annual Sediment Retention and Hydraulic Residence Time Variability in a Riverine Wetland Receiving Unregulated Inflow from Agricultural Runoff. [Master‟s thesis]. Seaside (CA): California State University, Monterey Bay. Available from: http://sep.csumb.edu/cwsp/theses/Holloway_Thesis_101217.pdf </ref><br />
This project will restore approximately 40 acres of wetlands and floodplains, which have been repeatedly dredged and used for agriculture in the 80 years prior to [[ALBA]] ownership<br />
<ref>[7] Coastal Training Program at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. ALBA Wetland Restoration <br />
http://elkhornsloughctp.org/reference/subissue_detail.php?SUBISSUE_ID=48 [accessed 02 Feb 2011] </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Research Projects on Triple M Ranch==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [http://ecoviz.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ALBA Agriculture and Land Based Training Association (ALBA)]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.</div>Ryanb