http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=StefanieK&feedformat=atomCCoWS Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:30:03ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.2http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-12T04:10:45Z<p>StefanieK: /* Further Research Needed */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
While Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>, protection of this native tree is designated in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
*[[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District (MPRPD)|MPRPD]] protects Monterey pine forest at the Joyce Stevens Preserve in Monterey/Carmel Valley and the Laidlaw-Apte Pine Forest Preserve in Carmel Highlands.<br />
<br />
===Further Research Needed===<br />
*The Pebble Beach Project development involves the destruction and removal of Monterey Pines. A mitigation plan to replant trees equal to or in excess of those removed was proposed in the EIR <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/departments-i-z/resource-management-agency-rma-/planning/current-major-projects/pebble-beach-company/final-eir-april-2012 County of Monterey. Pebble Beach Final Impact Report. 2012]</ref>.<br />
*Point Lobos Reserve and Point Lobos Ranch are home to Monterey Pine forest, including San Jose Creek, one of the world’s largest native Monterey pine forests. The Carmel Area State Parks General Plan may include more information about the protection of Monterey Pine in these two adjacent public lands<ref>[https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=26868 Carmel Area State Parks. Preliminary General Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Analysis. 2018]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
* [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* [[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* Other [[Ecosystems of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-12T03:50:02Z<p>StefanieK: /* =Further Research Needed */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
While Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>, protection of this native tree is designated in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
*[[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District (MPRPD)|MPRPD]] protects Monterey pine forest at the Joyce Stevens Preserve in Monterey/Carmel Valley and the Laidlaw-Apte Pine Forest Preserve in Carmel Highlands.<br />
<br />
===Further Research Needed===<br />
*The Pebble Beach Project development involves the destruction and removal of Monterey Pines. A mitigation plan to replant trees equal to or in excess of those removed was proposed in the EIR <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/departments-i-z/resource-management-agency-rma-/planning/current-major-projects/pebble-beach-company/final-eir-april-2012 County of Monterey. Pebble Beach Final Impact Report. 2012]</ref>.<br />
*Point Lobos Reserve and Point Lobos Ranch include Monterey Pine forest, including San Jose Creek, one of the world’s largest native Monterey pine forests. The Carmel Area State Parks General Plan may include more information about the protection of Monterey Pine in these two adjacent public lands<ref>[https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=26868 Carmel Area State Parks. Preliminary General Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Analysis. 2018]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
* [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* [[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* Other [[Ecosystems of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-12T03:49:18Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
While Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>, protection of this native tree is designated in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
*[[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District (MPRPD)|MPRPD]] protects Monterey pine forest at the Joyce Stevens Preserve in Monterey/Carmel Valley and the Laidlaw-Apte Pine Forest Preserve in Carmel Highlands.<br />
<br />
===Further Research Needed==<br />
*The Pebble Beach Project development involves the destruction and removal of Monterey Pines. A mitigation plan to replant trees equal to or in excess of those removed was proposed in the EIR <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/departments-i-z/resource-management-agency-rma-/planning/current-major-projects/pebble-beach-company/final-eir-april-2012 County of Monterey. Pebble Beach Final Impact Report. 2012]<ref>.<br />
*Point Lobos Reserve and Point Lobos Ranch include Monterey Pine forest, including San Jose Creek, one of the world’s largest native Monterey pine forests. The Carmel Area State Parks General Plan may include more information about the protection of Monterey Pine in these two adjacent public lands<ref>[https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=26868 Carmell Area State Parks. Preliminary General Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Analysis. 2018]<ref>.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
* [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* [[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
* Other [[Ecosystems of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-09T17:45:25Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
While Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>, protection of this native tree is designated in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-09T17:44:56Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
While Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>, protection of the species is designated in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-09T17:41:54Z<p>StefanieK: /* Stakeholders */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|California State Parks]]<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*[[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)|California Native Plant Society]]<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Summaries_of_Environmental_Topics_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionSummaries of Environmental Topics in California's Central Coast Region2019-04-08T19:08:21Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>Some of the environmental topics summarized in this wiki are listed below. By and large, these summaries are an outgrowth of the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
Refer also to the list of [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]].<br />
<br />
* General:<br />
** [[CEQA Overview]]<br />
** [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]]<br />
** [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
* Places:<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
* Hydrology:<br />
** [[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to central coast region]]<br />
** [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** [[Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)]]<br />
** [[Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer (CVAA)]]<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
* Ecology:<br />
** [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]<br />
*** [[Central Region Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
** [[Oak Woodland Protection Plans]]<br />
** [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
** [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]]<br />
** [[Special Status Species in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[California Natural Diversity Database]]<br />
** [[Trout Unlimited]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]]<br />
** [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
** [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
*Geomorphology<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Fire<br />
** [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Kirk Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Zaca Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Painted Cave Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Rat Creek - Gorda Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Marble Cone Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Energy <br />
**[[Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
**[[Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Recreation <br />
**[[Fort Ord Rec Trail and Greenway (FORTAG)]]<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain students' work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Watershed_Issues_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionWatershed Issues in California's Central Coast Region2019-04-08T19:05:35Z<p>StefanieK: /* Issues */</p>
<hr />
<div>A sample of [[watershed]]-related issues examined by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
Refer also to the list of [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]].<br />
<br />
== Issues ==<br />
<br />
* Hydrology <br />
** [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]]<br />
** [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]]<br />
** [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]]<br />
** [[San Clemente Dam]]<br />
** [[Los Padres Reservoir Capacity Issues]]<br />
** [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]]<br />
** [[Sea Level Rise and Elkhorn/Carneros System]]<br />
* Water Quality<br />
** [[Los Osos Groundwater Basin and Sewer]]<br />
** [[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula]]<br />
** [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands|Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Lands]]<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
** [[Water supply for underserved, marginalized communities of the Salinas Valley]]<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
* Fish & aquatic ecology<br />
** [[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Coho Salmon Crisis in the Central California Coast ESU]]<br />
** [[Potential watershed impacts on Elkhorn Slough]]<br />
* Wildlife<br />
** [[Riparian habitats as wildlife corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Progress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
* Land use<br />
** [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]]<br />
** [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
** [[Use of Sloped Areas in Monterey County]]<br />
** [[CEQA projects on the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
**[[Municipal Water Service Boundaries in Monterey]]<br />
*Ecosystems<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
<br />
* [[Watershed Issue Template|Template issue]]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Summaries_of_Environmental_Topics_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionSummaries of Environmental Topics in California's Central Coast Region2019-04-08T19:02:59Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>Some of the environmental topics summarized in this wiki are listed below. By and large, these summaries are an outgrowth of the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
Refer also to the list of [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]].<br />
<br />
* General:<br />
** [[CEQA Overview]]<br />
** [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]]<br />
** [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
* Places:<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
* Hydrology:<br />
** [[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to central coast region]]<br />
** [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** [[Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)]]<br />
** [[Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer (CVAA)]]<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
* Ecology:<br />
** [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]<br />
*** [[Central Region Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
** [[Oak Woodland Protection Plans]]<br />
** [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
** [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]]<br />
** [[Special Status Species in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[California Natural Diversity Database]]<br />
** [[Trout Unlimited]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]]<br />
** [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
** [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
*Native plant communities<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
*Geomorphology<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Fire<br />
** [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Kirk Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Zaca Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Painted Cave Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Rat Creek - Gorda Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Marble Cone Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Energy <br />
**[[Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
**[[Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Recreation <br />
**[[Fort Ord Rec Trail and Greenway (FORTAG)]]<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain students' work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-08T19:01:34Z<p>StefanieK: /* Monterey pine forest description */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Native Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Habitat values==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:32:28Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:30:54Z<p>StefanieK: /* Monterey pine forest description */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:29:56Z<p>StefanieK: /* Central Coast Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:28:51Z<p>StefanieK: /* Central Coast Context */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
===Threats===<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:27:50Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*[[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]]: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Pacific Grove]]: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*[[City of Monterey]]: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of [[Pebble Beach]]: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
**275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
**84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation|Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park]] protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:22:31Z<p>StefanieK: /* Locations of interest */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]]/San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:19:27Z<p>StefanieK: /* Locations of interest */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [[Monterey County]] (Monterey Peninsula), [[Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz]] and San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [[San Luis Obispo County]] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:19:03Z<p>StefanieK: /* Locations of interest */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from [Monterey County] (Monterey Peninsula), [Santa Cruz County|Santa Cruz] and San Mateo Counties (Ano Nuevo), and [San Luis Obispo County] (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T20:03:19Z<p>StefanieK: /* Monterey pine forest description */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. It is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters in the wild, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T19:59:02Z<p>StefanieK: /* Monterey pine forest description */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in [California's Central Coast Region]. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T19:56:04Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, Monterey Pine is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T19:55:35Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While its native range is limited to few places, it is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-06T19:55:14Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>. While it's native range is limited to few places, it is the most planted conifer species in the world<ref name="ConCal">[Lanner RM. Confifers of California.Cachuma Press. Jan. 2002]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/>.<br />
*84 acres of Monterey pine forest are protected in the S.F.B. Morse Preserve in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California <ref>http://www.delmonteforestconservancy.org/documents/DMFC%20SFBMorseBotanicalReserve.pdf</ref><br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:28:13Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260) <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref>. <br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:27:50Z<p>StefanieK: /* Laws, policies, and regulations */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:25:42Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are given protection in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:24:38Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref>.<br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref>.<br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of trees greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref>.<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:23:32Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of tress greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]</ref>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:23:10Z<p>StefanieK: /* Current protection plans */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*Unincorporated community of Pebble Beach: Del Monte Forest Land Use Planning establishes protection of Monterey pine through required approval for non-emergency removal of tress greater than or equal to 12" diameter at breast height. Preference is given for long-term protection of the tree over other potentially conflicting objectives <ref>[http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/Pebble%20Beach%20Company/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Nov_2011/Pebble_Beach_DEIR_Admin_Records_Nov_2011/Zander/Zander_2002_mpf_report.pdf Biological Resources of the Del Monte Forest. Monterey Pine and Monterey Pine Forest Habitat. Del Monte Forest Preservation and Development Plan. Zander Associates. 2002.]<ref/>.<br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T18:09:57Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:59:27Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Special Status Species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:37:01Z<p>StefanieK: /* Resources at stake */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of [[Special Status Species|sensitive plant species]], besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:35:42Z<p>StefanieK: /* Resources at stake */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of sensitive plant species, besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including California scrubjay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:35:12Z<p>StefanieK: /* Monterey pine forest description */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heights between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of sensitive plant species, besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including scrub jay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:34:14Z<p>StefanieK: /* Locations of interest */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heighs between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadalupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of sensitive plant species, besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including scrub jay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:33:28Z<p>StefanieK: /* Locations of interest */</p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
<br />
==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
<br />
*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heighs between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations of interest==<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines occupy a limited native range, extending beyond that through planting and volunteering. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
<br />
*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadelupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
*Beyond their native range, Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted in vast tracks as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>.<br />
<br />
*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref>.<br />
<br />
==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
<br />
[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of sensitive plant species, besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
<br />
3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including scrub jay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Current protection plans==<br />
<br />
*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
<br />
*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
<br />
*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
<br />
Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
<br />
*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Context==<br />
<br />
*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders==<br />
<br />
Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
<br />
==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
'''External Links'''<br />
<br />
[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
<br />
[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Monterey_Pine_ForestMonterey Pine Forest2019-04-05T17:28:43Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
Monterey pine is one of the major [[Ecosystems in the Central Coast of California|ecosystems in the Central Coast of California]]. It provides important habitat for [[Endangered species|endangered]] and sensitive plant and animal species, occurs within areas of urban development, and is designated as Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act<ref name = "MoCoLoCo">[Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf]</ref>.<br />
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[[File:radiata11.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Immature Monterey pine cones. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
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==Monterey pine forest description==<br />
<br />
[[File:MontereyPineMap.gif|400px|thumb|right|Map of Monterey pine forest distribution at the Ano Nuevo, Monterey Peninsula, and Cambria occurrences. Image [https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php Conifers.org]]]<br />
[[File:Douglas_iris_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Douglas iris is a common understory plant species in Monterey pine forest. Image John Wandke, 2016]]<br />
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*Monterey pine (''Pinus radiata'') is native to closed-cone coniferous forest within three distinct coastal areas in Central California. The Monterey pine is an evergreen conifer growing to heighs between 15 and 30 meters, with needles mostly 8-15 centimeters long and generally in bundles of three<ref>Matthews, M.A. 2006. An illustrated field key to the flowering plants of Monterey County: California Native Plant Society</ref>. It's cones are asymmetrical, remain attached to branches for years, and often open in response to fire or high temperatures. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest">Bates, D.T., Dalessio, R., Nedeff, N. and Stevens, J. 2011. The Monterey pine forest, California's living legacy: Pine Nut Press.</ref><br />
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*Monterey pine forest occurs within low elevations that are subject to marine climate influences and common are associated with sediments of marine origin. Soils in Monterey pine forest are often acidic with a distinct clay layer.<ref name="ESCTP">Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program. 2006. Pinus radiata fact sheet http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=35</ref><br />
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==Locations of interest==<br />
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*Monterey pines are limited in occurrence. They are known from Monterey County (Monterey Peninsula), Santa Cruz/San Mateo County (Ano Nuevo) and San Luis Obispo County (Cambria).<br />
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*Monterey pines are also known from two island populations off the coast of Baja California, Mexico: Isla Cedros and Isla Guadelupe<ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
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*Monterey pines, known outside the United States as Radiata pine, are planted as a timber crop in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and Spain. <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/><br />
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*Native Range: According to pollen recovered from sediment cores, Monterey pines have been present in isolated patches along the California coast over the past 2 million years. Populations appear to have been most abundant during favorable climate conditions at the end of ice ages and interglacials and during warmer periods of ice ages. A positive correlation between Monterey pine pollen and charcoal also speaks to the importance of fire in its ability to colonize. <ref>Millar, C.I. 1998. Reconsidering the conservation of Monterey pine. Fremontia Vol. 26, No. 3. pp 12-16 </ref><br />
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==Resources at stake==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pine_forest_Ahookeri_JW.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Hooker's manzanita occurring in an open Monterey pine forest understory, Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California. Image John Wandke 2014]]<br />
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[[File:YadonsPiperia.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Federal endangered Yadon's piperia. Image [https://www.calflora.org//cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Piperia+yadonii Calflora]]]<br />
<br />
1. Monterey pine forest is a unique forest community that supports a variety of sensitive plant species, besides Monterey pine (a [[California Native Plant Society]] 1B.1 species) itself. The [[California Natural Diversity Database]] lists:<br />
<br />
*Hickman's onion (''Allium hickmanii'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hooker's manzanita (''Arctostaphylos hookeri'' ssp. ''hookeri'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Pajaro manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pajaroensis'') (CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Sandmat manzanita (''Arctostaphylos pumila'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Monterey cypress (''Hesperocyparis macrocarpa'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
*Yadon's rein orchid (''Piperia yadonii'') (Federal endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Hickman's cinquefoil (''Potentilla hickmanii'') (Federal endangered, State endangered, CNPS 1B.1)<br />
*Pine rose (''Rosa pinetorum'') (CNPS 1B.2)<br />
<br />
2. Monarch butterflies use Monterey pines as overwintering locations, as seen in Pacific Grove, Monterey, California <ref>City of Pacific Grove, Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary [https://www.cityofpacificgrove.org/visiting/monarch-butterfly-sanctuary]</ref>.<br />
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3. Monterey pine forest provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including Monterey dusky-footed woodrat, mountain lion, bobcat, black-tailed deer, and birds including scrub jay <ref name="Monterey Pine Forest"/>, brown creeper <ref>https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/Unitt%20%26%20Rea.pdf</ref>, and chestnut-backed chickadees <ref>https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pira2.pdf</ref><br />
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==Current protection plans==<br />
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*275 acres of Monterey pine forest are preserved in the Huckleberry Hill Natural Habitat Area in Del Monte Forest, Pebble Beach, California.<br />
*Point Lobos State Natural Reserve and Ano Nuevo State Park protect Monterey pine forest.<br />
*Jack's Peak County Park in Monterey County protects Monterey pine forest.<br />
<br />
==Laws, policies, and regulations==<br />
<br />
Monterey pines are identified in several Central California Coast local ordinances:<br />
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*City of Carmel by the Sea: City code emphasizes protection of Monterey pine forest and Monterey pine trees. Removal of a Monterey pine requires a permit. <ref>City of Carmel Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/CarmelbytheSea/html/Carmel17/Carmel1748.html</ref><br />
*City of Pacific Grove: City code states that Monterey pines >6-inches in diameter at 54-inches above ground are protected and require a permit for removal.<ref>City of Pacific Grove Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/PacificGrove/html/PacificGrove12/PacificGrove1220.html</ref><br />
*City of Monterey: City code does not list Monterey pines specifically, but the City Forester can require replacement of removed trees at 1:1 or 3:1 mitigation ratios. Conifers >30-feet-high or 12-inches diameter at 54-inches above grade are considered "landmark" trees. <ref>Monterey Tree Ordinance https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Monterey/?Monterey37.html</ref><br />
*City of Cambria: The Cambria Forest Committee requires four replacement Monterey pines be planted for every one tree removed. <ref>Cambria Forest Committee http://cambriaforestcommittee.org/frequently-asked-questions/tree-replacement-requirements/ </ref><br />
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*Monterey County: Monterey pines are not named in the Monterey County Municipal Code as a protected tree species (Section 21.64.260). <ref> Monterey County Code Section 21.64.260 https://library.municode.com/ca/monterey_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT21ZO_CH21.64SPRE_21.64.260PROAOTPRTR</ref> <br />
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Monterey pine forest is also recognized by State Agencies and Organizations<br />
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*[[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: Monterey pine forest is listed as a critically imperiled (S1) community by the [[California Natural Diversity Database]].<ref>https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RF_FieldDescriptions.htm</ref><br />
*[[California Native Plant Society]]: Monterey pines are categorized as a 1B.1 plant (rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere). The Monterey pine 1B designation by CNPS requires that the species be evaluated as part of the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] process for project approvals.<ref>http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/glossary.html</ref><br />
*[[California Coastal Commission]]: Monterey pine forest is identified as sensitive habitat in seven Land Use Plans. Large, contiguous stands of Monterey pine that support special status species meet the definition of Environmentally Sensitive Habitat (ESHA) under the Coastal Act.<ref name = "MoCoLoCo"/><br />
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==Central Coast Context==<br />
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*The three distinct U.S. populations of Monterey pines occur on the Central California Coast.<br />
*The Monterey Peninsula occurrence of Monterey pine forest is the largest native occurrence worldwide. <ref>Monterey County Local Coastal Program Major Amendment Number 1-05 (Measure A) https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2006/3/Th8b-3-2006.pdf</ref><br />
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'''Threats:'''<br />
*Monterey pine forest is threatened by development, fragmentation, climate change, bark beetles, and disease such as pitch canker (''Fusarium circinatum''). Pitch canker appears to especially affect fragmented Monterey pine forest, but is not as serious of a threat as initially thought. <ref name="ESCTP"/><br />
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==Stakeholders==<br />
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Stakeholders include entities who have an interest in protecting this unique resource. Examples include:<br />
<br />
'''Government agencies''' <br />
*Local city governments<br />
*California Department of Fish and Wildlife<br />
*California Coastal Commission<br />
*California State Parks<br />
*County Resource Management Agencies<br />
<br />
'''Organizations'''<br />
*California Native Plant Society<br />
<br />
'''Private Sector'''<br />
*Pebble Beach Company/Del Monte Forest<br />
*Individual property owners<br />
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==Related links==<br />
<br />
[[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Plants in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
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'''External Links'''<br />
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[https://conifers.org/ Conifers.org]<br />
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[https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Pinus+radiata Calflora]<br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|coursework]]. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Critical_Habitat_designations_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionCritical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region2019-04-05T17:15:24Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
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<div>An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
This page provides the definition of Critical Habitat and lists designations of Critical Habitat in California's Central Coast Region.<br />
<br />
== Summary==<br />
<br />
Habitat loss is a leading cause of extinction, and has been addressed accordingly in the [[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]]. One of the key objectives of the ESA is to identify and protect areas essential to the continued existence of a species, termed Critical Habitat. Critical Habitat includes geographic range of a species in question, but also extends to cover areas not currently occupied by the species, yet regarded as crucial to its recovery and survival. Critical Habitat receives protection from development and other human impacts.<ref name="CitGuide"/><ref name="Marrone"/> Therefore, under ESA regulations it is not only illegal to harm or kill an individual of a listed species, it is also against the law to harm its Critical Habitat.<ref name="Lueck">[http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=223117004126127093066065122094012018024013034051087067098003114110083088091013005017110089119000096107023085082081100114124112078020105098003085088120126127104095070124013123122069124125085&EXT=pdf Preemptive Habitat Destruction Under the Endangered Species Act]</ref> Critical Habitat is more of a regulatory concept than an ecological concept.<br />
<br />
While the Critical Habitat law is applicable to everyone, "Section 7 of the [[Endangered Species Act]] requires that Federal agencies must ensure that any activities they authorize, fund or carry out are not likely to destroy or adversely modify the designated Critical Habitat of a listed species". <ref name=CH> [http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/habitat/critical_habitat/critical_habitat_on_the_wc.html NOAA: Critical Habitat on the West Coast]</ref><br />
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"NOAA Fisheries designates critical habitat by determining the conservation value of particular areas and balancing the benefits of designation against its impacts (e.g., economic, national security). The proposed designation then goes through a period of public comment before the final rule is published and critical habitat is designated." <ref name="CH"/><br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
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Critical Habitat is:<ref name=NOAA>[http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/listing/ NOAA: Listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)]</ref><br />
<br />
*Specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing, if they contain physical or biological features essential to conservation, and those features may require special management considerations or protection<br />
*Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species if we determine that the area itself is essential for conservation<br />
<br />
Critical Habitat represents the habitat essential for a species’ recovery.<ref name=FAQ> [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/critical%20habitat%20files/4b2_faqs_final.pdf NOAA FAQ]</ref><br />
"Critical Habitat may include areas that are not currently occupied by a species, but that will be needed for its recovery. The designation of Critical Habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness reserve, preserve or other special conservation area". The designation does not mandate government or public access to private lands. A critical Habitat designation has no effect in situations that do not involve a federal agency, for example, a private landowner undertaking a project that involves no federal funding or permitting." <ref name="FAQ"/><br />
<br />
== Critical Habitat Designations in California's Central Coast Region ==<br />
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Some examples of CH designations include: <ref name=CHpdf> [http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/Environment/info/esa/mpwsp/deir/4-6_terrestrial_biological_resources.pdf Critical Habitat: Terrestrial Biological Resources] </ref><br />
<br />
*Fish<br />
** California Central Coast Steelhead (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') <ref name=Steelhead> [http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/salmon_steelhead/salmon_and_steelhead_listings/steelhead/central_california_coast/Central%20California%20Coast%20Steelhead.html California Central Coast Steelhead] </ref><br />
*Invertebrates<br />
** Black Abalone (''Haliotis cracherodii'') <ref name=abalone> [http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/abalone/black_abalone_critical_habitat.html Black Abalone] </ref> <ref name=abalonemap> [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/criticalhabitat/blackabalone.pdf Critical Habitat Map of Black Abalone in California's Central Coast Region] </ref><br />
*Birds<br />
** Western Snowy Plover (''Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus'') <ref name=plover> [http://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/birds/wsp/plover.html Western Snowy Plover] </ref><br />
*Amphibians<br />
** California Red-Legged Frog (''Rana draytonii'')<ref name=frog> [http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/Critical-Habitat/CA-Red-Legged-Frog/Current/Documents/Critical_Habitat_CA_Red-Legged_Frog_2010_Q_and_A.pdf California Red-Legged Frog] </ref> <ref name=frogmap> [http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/Critical-Habitat/CA-Red-Legged-Frog/Current/es_critical-habitat-maps_ca-red-legged-frog.htm Critical Habitat Maps of California Red-Legged Frog] </ref><br />
*Flowers<br />
** Rein Orchids (''Piperia'') <br />
*Mammals<br />
** Kangaroo Rat (''Dipodomys'') <ref name=rat> [http://esrp.csustan.edu/publications/pubhtml.php?doc=sjvrp&file=chapter02I00.html#distribution] </ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
Critical Habitat is a very specific thing and should be in capitals.<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
[[Special Status Species]]<br />
<br />
[https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/02/11/2016-02680/listing-endangered-and-threatened-species-and-designating-critical-habitat-implementing-changes-to Federal Register: Listing Endangered and Threatened Species and Designating Critical Habitat; Implementing Changes to the Regulations for Designating Critical Habitat]<br />
<br />
== References == <br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
This page may contain students' work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Summaries_of_Environmental_Topics_in_California%27s_Central_Coast_RegionSummaries of Environmental Topics in California's Central Coast Region2019-04-05T17:14:45Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
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<div>Some of the environmental topics summarized in this wiki are listed below. By and large, these summaries are an outgrowth of the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
Refer also to the list of [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]].<br />
<br />
* General:<br />
** [[CEQA Overview]]<br />
** [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]]<br />
** [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Clean Water Act]]<br />
* Places:<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
* Hydrology:<br />
** [[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to central coast region]]<br />
** [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** [[Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)]]<br />
** [[Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer (CVAA)]]<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
* Ecology:<br />
** [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]<br />
*** [[Central Region Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
** [[Oak Woodland Protection Plans]]<br />
** [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
** [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]]<br />
** [[Special Status Species in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[California Natural Diversity Database]]<br />
** [[Trout Unlimited]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]]<br />
** [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
** [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Critical Habitat designations in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
*Geomorphology<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Fire<br />
** [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Kirk Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Zaca Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Painted Cave Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Rat Creek - Gorda Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Marble Cone Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Energy <br />
**[[Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
**[[Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Recreation <br />
**[[Fort Ord Rec Trail and Greenway (FORTAG)]]<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain students' work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Resource_Conservation_District_of_Monterey_County_(RCDMC)Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)2019-04-05T16:36:46Z<p>StefanieK: /* Funding and Support */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:rcdmcfb.jpg|350px|thumb|Figure 1: RCDMC. <ref name="rcdmc"> [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/ RCDMC (Resource Conservation District, Monterey County) Homepage] </ref>.]]An [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
[https://www.rcdmonterey.org/ The RCD of Monterey County (RCDMC)] is one of the several [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]]. The RCDMC was established in 1942 with the mission to conserve and improve natural resources, integrating the demand for environmental quality with the needs of agricultural and urban users <ref name="rcdmc"/>. They work together with the [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service|USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)]] to assist landowners, growers and ranchers with technical aspects of their operations.<br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
RCDMC is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by the county board of supervisors and represent a wide range of experience and interests. There are seven directors, the number of which can be changed by resolution adopted by a majority of the members. Directors serve four year terms and vacancies are filled by the board of supervisors from the pool of candidates who have filed an application as specified by Division 9 of the California Public Resources Code <ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayexpandedbranch.xhtml?tocCode=PRC&division=9.&title=&part=&chapter=&article= CaliforniaPublic Resources Code. 1975. DIVISION 9. RESOURCE CONSERVATION [9001 - 9972]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Funding and Support==<br />
Funding is supported through grants and contracts, and donations are accepted. The RCDMC shares office space with the NRCS in [[City of Salinas|Salinas]], CA. Furniture, equipment and software are available to RCDMC for free or reduced costs through programs that support federal, state and/or local government agencies and non-profit organizations<ref>[https://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/RCD/Documents/RCD_guidebook/RCD_Guide_vol1_b.pdf The Resource Conservation District Guidebook: A Guide to District Operations and Management. California Conservation Partnership and the California Department of Conservation. 1999]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Services==<br />
RCDMC provides the following services to farmers, ranchers, landowners and the public through efforts in which they address conservation and land management in the region.<br />
<br />
===Natural Resource Management===<br />
* Soil stability and health<br />
* Water quality management<br />
* Water conservation<br />
* Stream and pond management<br />
* Livestock Areas<br />
* Vegetation management<br />
<br />
===Professional Services===<br />
* Irrigation efficiency evaluations<br />
* Nutrient management assessments<br />
* Erosion control planning<br />
* Biological monitoring<br />
* Vegetation management and restoration<br />
* Project permit assistance<br />
* USDA financial and technical assistance<br />
* Trainings and workshops (in both Spanish and English)<br />
<br />
==Programs and Projects== <br />
===Current Programs and Projects===<br />
<br />
[[File:Arundo-donax-sm.jpg|300px|thumb|Figure 2: Invasive, non-native Arundo donax along the Salinas River. <ref name="rcdmc"/>]]<br />
<br />
The RCDMC has several current (2019) programs and projects <ref name="rcdmc"/> that include many voluntary landowners and are achieved in partnership with other RCDs and organizations and agencies such as the [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service|NRCS]], [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA)|Monterey County Water Resources Agency]], [[The Nature Conservancy]], the [[Central Coast Wetlands Group]], [[National Marine Sanctuary Foundation]], and [[Grower Shipper Association of the Central Coast]]. These projects demonstrate the RCDMCs function to conserve and improve natural resources, especially in consideration of production agriculture and environmental sustainability in the region. Over 160 farmers and land managers in Monterey County have voluntarily participated in RCDMC conservation and restoration programs <ref name="rcdmc"/>.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/jobs/Full_RFP_2018.pdf Salinas River Invasive Plant Control and Restoration Program] <ref>[http://bondaccountability.resources.ca.gov/Project.aspx?ProjectPK=11828&PropositionPK=5 California Natural Resources Agency. Bond Accountability. Project: Salinas River Riparian Enhancement. 2015]</ref> <ref>[https://ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/Project/2011091078 California Environmental Quality Act. SCH Number 2011091078. 2019.]</ref> - Eradication of invasive, non-native plants, including [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region|arundo donax]], along 90 miles of the [[Salinas]] River. As of 2019, RCDMC has successfully controlled of over 450 acres of previously infested areas and aims to complete the project by 2030 <ref>[https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2018/12/27/culling-invasive-grasses-could-mitigate-salinas-river-floods/2204833002/ The Californian. Hold back the tide: Cutting invasive grasses could mitigate Salinas River floods. Kate Cimini. Dec. 2018.]</ref>.<br />
* [http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/government-links/water-resources-agency/programs/salinas-river-stream-maintenance-program/documents#wra Salinas River Stream Maintenance Program] - Flood prevention and stream riparian habitat improvement.<br />
* [http://iwrp.rcdsantacruz.org/ Integrated Watershed Restoration Program] - Addresses improvements to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality by facilitating and coordinating projects through technical and financial assistance since 2009. Several projects have been completed and even more are in the process of review or completion.<br />
* Nutrient Management Cooperatives Development - Pilot cooperative program addressing multi-farm drainage runoff management, including water quality treatment wetlands and irrigation and nutrient management.<br />
* Winter Preparedness Program - 20-year ongoing technical and financial assistance to growers on hilly landscapes to reduce soil erosion and non-point source pollution, resulting in an estimated 35% reduction in annual sedimentation load to [[Elkhorn Slough]].<br />
* [http://iwrp.rcdsantacruz.org/case-studies-monterey Santa Rita Creek Watershed Project] <ref>[https://www.ccactiontracker.org/site/project/99 Conservation Action Tracker. Santa Rita Creek Watershed Project (Resource Conservation District). 2016.] </ref> - [[Integrated Regional Water Management Program]]<ref>[http://www.greatermontereyirwmp.org/projects/implementation/ Greater Monterey County Integrated Regional Water Management Program. Current Projects. 2012]</ref> grant to address irrigation management, nutrient management, and hillside farming erosion control in the Santa Rita Creek Watershed to reduce sedimentation, non-point source pollution, and improve [[Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)|water quality]] and [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region|riparian habitat]].<br />
* Wildlife Monitoring by Pathways for Wildlife <ref name="ar18"> [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/rcdmc-2018-newsletter-final.pdf RCDMC Year in Review 2018] </ref> - A collaboration with the research organization, [http://pathwaysforwildlife.com/ Pathways for Wildlife], to track wildlife use in habitat improvement projects in the Salinas River corridor using camera "traps".<br />
* Fire Fuels Mitigation Coordination Program - Help implement the [https://www.co.monterey.ca.us/cob/BOS%20Supplemental_addendum/December%2014,%202010/MCCWPP_November%202010_v2%20-%20FINAL%2012-10-10.pdf Monterey County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP)] by overseeing the planning and coordination work with staff, contractors, local partners and fire agencies. The ultimate goal of the CWPP and muti-agency partnership is to help reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire and improve forest health through strategic vegetation and fuel break management for public safety and environmental health. <ref name="ar18"/><br />
<br />
===Past Programs and Projects===<br />
<br />
RCDMC has completed many other projects focused on resource conservation through collaboration with farmers and landowners in partnership with several other agencies and organizations. Some past projects are highlighted here:<br />
* Elkhorn Slough Watershed Permit Coordination Program (1998-2007)- Included local, state and federal agencies with farmers and land owners in the [[Elkhorn Slough Watershed]] to address resource conservation projects on farms. RCD and NRCS assistance with the regulatory review and permitting process, as well as design and construction specifications for resource enhancing projects. From 1998-2003 the program supported 50 conservation projects with 96 conservation practices <ref>[https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/elkhorn-permit-coord-report-2003.pdf Elkhorn Slough Watershed Permit Coordination Program. 2003 Implementation report. USDA, NRCS, RCD. 2003.]</ref>.<br />
* [https://livestockandland.org/ Livestock and Land Program](2007-2012)- Addressed water quality and animal health through education, technical and financial assistance to livestock managers.<br />
* Carmel River Watershed Coordination (2001-2014)- Established a Carmel River Watershed Coordinator to work with various stakeholders in prioritizing critical resource issues in the in the [[Carmel River Watershed]]. The coordinator re-established regular meetings of the [[Carmel River Task Force]], created the [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/pdf/Carmel%20Watershed%20Conservation%20Manual-Final_2013.pdf Carmel River Watershed Stewardship Manual], and participated in the [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/carmel-river-watershed-assessment-action-plan-2016.pdf Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan].<br />
* [https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/grants/docs/grant_reports/12414553_fr.pdf Prop 84 Agricultural Water Quality Grant Projects] <ref>[https://water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-84 California Department of Water Resources. Proposition 84, Chapter 2 Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Grant Program. 2019.]</ref> (2013-2016)- Reduced nutrient loading into waterways and lowered fertilizer costs by helping Salinas Valley growers increase irrigation efficiency by 10%-40% and nutrient application efficiency up to 30% through technical assistance and projects. <br />
For more past project descriptions and information see [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/past-projects RCDMC past projects webpage].<br />
<br />
==Education and Outreach== <br />
RCDMC engages with the public to inform them of conservation-related issues in the region through a variety of ways<ref name="rcdmc"/>, including: <br />
* Trainings and Workshops - On-farm demonstrations and workshops that address a variety of conservation practices and resource management for landowners and farmers, including nutrient management, irrigation efficiency and erosion control. Available in English and Spanish.<br />
* Range Camps - Summer camp in Half-Moon Bay for high school students to learn about rangeland and natural resource management from professional staff and university faculty.<br />
* RCD "Speak-off" Competition - Conservation-themed speech contest for high school students with cash prizes and opportunities to advance to regional and state-level contests.<br />
* Land Judging Contest - Hands-on soil science competition for high school students with opportunities to advance to regional, state and national Future Farmers of America-sponsored competitions.<br />
* Volunteering and Internships - need-based positions for local college students to gain experience with conservation science, and community members to share their time and skills for RCDMC projects.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
*[https://www.rcdprojects.org/ RCD Poject Tracker]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu/ CSUMB], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Resource_Conservation_District_of_Monterey_County_(RCDMC)Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)2019-04-05T16:36:19Z<p>StefanieK: /* Funding and Support */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:rcdmcfb.jpg|350px|thumb|Figure 1: RCDMC. <ref name="rcdmc"> [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/ RCDMC (Resource Conservation District, Monterey County) Homepage] </ref>.]]An [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|organizational summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
[https://www.rcdmonterey.org/ The RCD of Monterey County (RCDMC)] is one of the several [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]]. The RCDMC was established in 1942 with the mission to conserve and improve natural resources, integrating the demand for environmental quality with the needs of agricultural and urban users <ref name="rcdmc"/>. They work together with the [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service|USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)]] to assist landowners, growers and ranchers with technical aspects of their operations.<br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
RCDMC is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by the county board of supervisors and represent a wide range of experience and interests. There are seven directors, the number of which can be changed by resolution adopted by a majority of the members. Directors serve four year terms and vacancies are filled by the board of supervisors from the pool of candidates who have filed an application as specified by Division 9 of the California Public Resources Code <ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayexpandedbranch.xhtml?tocCode=PRC&division=9.&title=&part=&chapter=&article= CaliforniaPublic Resources Code. 1975. DIVISION 9. RESOURCE CONSERVATION [9001 - 9972]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Funding and Support==<br />
Funding is supported through grants and contracts, and donations are accepted. The RCDMC shares office space with the NRCS in [[City of Salinas|Salinas]], CA. Furniture, equipment and software are available to RCDMC for free or reduced costs through programs that support federal, state and/or local government, agencies and non-profit organizations<ref>[https://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/RCD/Documents/RCD_guidebook/RCD_Guide_vol1_b.pdf The Resource Conservation District Guidebook: A Guide to District Operations and Management. California Conservation Partnership and the California Department of Conservation. 1999]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Services==<br />
RCDMC provides the following services to farmers, ranchers, landowners and the public through efforts in which they address conservation and land management in the region.<br />
<br />
===Natural Resource Management===<br />
* Soil stability and health<br />
* Water quality management<br />
* Water conservation<br />
* Stream and pond management<br />
* Livestock Areas<br />
* Vegetation management<br />
<br />
===Professional Services===<br />
* Irrigation efficiency evaluations<br />
* Nutrient management assessments<br />
* Erosion control planning<br />
* Biological monitoring<br />
* Vegetation management and restoration<br />
* Project permit assistance<br />
* USDA financial and technical assistance<br />
* Trainings and workshops (in both Spanish and English)<br />
<br />
==Programs and Projects== <br />
===Current Programs and Projects===<br />
<br />
[[File:Arundo-donax-sm.jpg|300px|thumb|Figure 2: Invasive, non-native Arundo donax along the Salinas River. <ref name="rcdmc"/>]]<br />
<br />
The RCDMC has several current (2019) programs and projects <ref name="rcdmc"/> that include many voluntary landowners and are achieved in partnership with other RCDs and organizations and agencies such as the [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service|NRCS]], [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA)|Monterey County Water Resources Agency]], [[The Nature Conservancy]], the [[Central Coast Wetlands Group]], [[National Marine Sanctuary Foundation]], and [[Grower Shipper Association of the Central Coast]]. These projects demonstrate the RCDMCs function to conserve and improve natural resources, especially in consideration of production agriculture and environmental sustainability in the region. Over 160 farmers and land managers in Monterey County have voluntarily participated in RCDMC conservation and restoration programs <ref name="rcdmc"/>.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/jobs/Full_RFP_2018.pdf Salinas River Invasive Plant Control and Restoration Program] <ref>[http://bondaccountability.resources.ca.gov/Project.aspx?ProjectPK=11828&PropositionPK=5 California Natural Resources Agency. Bond Accountability. Project: Salinas River Riparian Enhancement. 2015]</ref> <ref>[https://ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/Project/2011091078 California Environmental Quality Act. SCH Number 2011091078. 2019.]</ref> - Eradication of invasive, non-native plants, including [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region|arundo donax]], along 90 miles of the [[Salinas]] River. As of 2019, RCDMC has successfully controlled of over 450 acres of previously infested areas and aims to complete the project by 2030 <ref>[https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2018/12/27/culling-invasive-grasses-could-mitigate-salinas-river-floods/2204833002/ The Californian. Hold back the tide: Cutting invasive grasses could mitigate Salinas River floods. Kate Cimini. Dec. 2018.]</ref>.<br />
* [http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/government-links/water-resources-agency/programs/salinas-river-stream-maintenance-program/documents#wra Salinas River Stream Maintenance Program] - Flood prevention and stream riparian habitat improvement.<br />
* [http://iwrp.rcdsantacruz.org/ Integrated Watershed Restoration Program] - Addresses improvements to fish and wildlife habitat and water quality by facilitating and coordinating projects through technical and financial assistance since 2009. Several projects have been completed and even more are in the process of review or completion.<br />
* Nutrient Management Cooperatives Development - Pilot cooperative program addressing multi-farm drainage runoff management, including water quality treatment wetlands and irrigation and nutrient management.<br />
* Winter Preparedness Program - 20-year ongoing technical and financial assistance to growers on hilly landscapes to reduce soil erosion and non-point source pollution, resulting in an estimated 35% reduction in annual sedimentation load to [[Elkhorn Slough]].<br />
* [http://iwrp.rcdsantacruz.org/case-studies-monterey Santa Rita Creek Watershed Project] <ref>[https://www.ccactiontracker.org/site/project/99 Conservation Action Tracker. Santa Rita Creek Watershed Project (Resource Conservation District). 2016.] </ref> - [[Integrated Regional Water Management Program]]<ref>[http://www.greatermontereyirwmp.org/projects/implementation/ Greater Monterey County Integrated Regional Water Management Program. Current Projects. 2012]</ref> grant to address irrigation management, nutrient management, and hillside farming erosion control in the Santa Rita Creek Watershed to reduce sedimentation, non-point source pollution, and improve [[Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)|water quality]] and [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region|riparian habitat]].<br />
* Wildlife Monitoring by Pathways for Wildlife <ref name="ar18"> [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/rcdmc-2018-newsletter-final.pdf RCDMC Year in Review 2018] </ref> - A collaboration with the research organization, [http://pathwaysforwildlife.com/ Pathways for Wildlife], to track wildlife use in habitat improvement projects in the Salinas River corridor using camera "traps".<br />
* Fire Fuels Mitigation Coordination Program - Help implement the [https://www.co.monterey.ca.us/cob/BOS%20Supplemental_addendum/December%2014,%202010/MCCWPP_November%202010_v2%20-%20FINAL%2012-10-10.pdf Monterey County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP)] by overseeing the planning and coordination work with staff, contractors, local partners and fire agencies. The ultimate goal of the CWPP and muti-agency partnership is to help reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire and improve forest health through strategic vegetation and fuel break management for public safety and environmental health. <ref name="ar18"/><br />
<br />
===Past Programs and Projects===<br />
<br />
RCDMC has completed many other projects focused on resource conservation through collaboration with farmers and landowners in partnership with several other agencies and organizations. Some past projects are highlighted here:<br />
* Elkhorn Slough Watershed Permit Coordination Program (1998-2007)- Included local, state and federal agencies with farmers and land owners in the [[Elkhorn Slough Watershed]] to address resource conservation projects on farms. RCD and NRCS assistance with the regulatory review and permitting process, as well as design and construction specifications for resource enhancing projects. From 1998-2003 the program supported 50 conservation projects with 96 conservation practices <ref>[https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/elkhorn-permit-coord-report-2003.pdf Elkhorn Slough Watershed Permit Coordination Program. 2003 Implementation report. USDA, NRCS, RCD. 2003.]</ref>.<br />
* [https://livestockandland.org/ Livestock and Land Program](2007-2012)- Addressed water quality and animal health through education, technical and financial assistance to livestock managers.<br />
* Carmel River Watershed Coordination (2001-2014)- Established a Carmel River Watershed Coordinator to work with various stakeholders in prioritizing critical resource issues in the in the [[Carmel River Watershed]]. The coordinator re-established regular meetings of the [[Carmel River Task Force]], created the [http://www.rcdmonterey.org/pdf/Carmel%20Watershed%20Conservation%20Manual-Final_2013.pdf Carmel River Watershed Stewardship Manual], and participated in the [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/carmel-river-watershed-assessment-action-plan-2016.pdf Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan].<br />
* [https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/grants/docs/grant_reports/12414553_fr.pdf Prop 84 Agricultural Water Quality Grant Projects] <ref>[https://water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-84 California Department of Water Resources. Proposition 84, Chapter 2 Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Grant Program. 2019.]</ref> (2013-2016)- Reduced nutrient loading into waterways and lowered fertilizer costs by helping Salinas Valley growers increase irrigation efficiency by 10%-40% and nutrient application efficiency up to 30% through technical assistance and projects. <br />
For more past project descriptions and information see [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/past-projects RCDMC past projects webpage].<br />
<br />
==Education and Outreach== <br />
RCDMC engages with the public to inform them of conservation-related issues in the region through a variety of ways<ref name="rcdmc"/>, including: <br />
* Trainings and Workshops - On-farm demonstrations and workshops that address a variety of conservation practices and resource management for landowners and farmers, including nutrient management, irrigation efficiency and erosion control. Available in English and Spanish.<br />
* Range Camps - Summer camp in Half-Moon Bay for high school students to learn about rangeland and natural resource management from professional staff and university faculty.<br />
* RCD "Speak-off" Competition - Conservation-themed speech contest for high school students with cash prizes and opportunities to advance to regional and state-level contests.<br />
* Land Judging Contest - Hands-on soil science competition for high school students with opportunities to advance to regional, state and national Future Farmers of America-sponsored competitions.<br />
* Volunteering and Internships - need-based positions for local college students to gain experience with conservation science, and community members to share their time and skills for RCDMC projects.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<br />
*[https://www.rcdprojects.org/ RCD Poject Tracker]<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu/ CSUMB], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Nature_Conservancy_(TNC)The Nature Conservancy (TNC)2019-04-04T19:36:17Z<p>StefanieK: /* Governance */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:TheNatureConservancy.jpg|350px|thumb|The Nature Conservancy Logo[https://www.nature.org/?intc=nature.tnav.logo]]]<br />
[[File:GNDC TNC.PNG|350px|thumb|Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Complex<ref>https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_8/NWRS/Zone_1/Hopper_Mountain_Complex/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes/Sections/What_We_Do/Conservation/GNDNWR_FINAL_CCP.pdf</ref>]]<br />
[[File:ES protected lands 0309-lr.jpg|350px|thumb|Ownership of the Elkhorn Slough Watershed in 2009<ref>http://www.elkhornslough.org/protectedlands/index.htm</ref>]]<br />
[[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The TNC is a [[non-profit organization]] founded in 1951 and since then grew more than 1 million members while conserving more than 119 million acres of land, and operating more than 100 marine conservation projects. The agency works in 72 countries around the world.<ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.about</ref> The TNC's mission is to ensure that people can thrive without destroying the resources we depend on.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.ourwork </ref> The TNC strives for healthy landscapes to improve livelihoods, create rural jobs, improve food and water security, protect habitats, and reduce the risk of climate change. This is achieved by communicating and partnering with the community, using science to improve mitigation practices, and influencing policy.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/land-conservation/howwework/index.htm?intc3=nature.lands.lp.splash1</ref> The TNC protects water by reforestation and improving farming practices<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/water/enough-water-for-all/index.htm?intc3=nature.water.lp.r1c2</ref>, and preserves natural habitats to protect the coasts and quantifies the ocean's resources.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/oceans/understanding-ocean-benefits/index.htm?intc3=nature.oceans.lp.r1c3</ref> Strategies are developed to ensure healthier quality of life for people in cities, improved habitat for wildlife, and that people have access to quality green space. <ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/nature-in-cities/index.htm</ref> To combat the effects of climate change, the TNC is developing practical and cost-effective solutions around the world to help people slow the rate of climate change and deal with its impacts.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/innovate-and-share-science/index.htm?intc3=nature.climate.lp.r1c1</ref><br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
<br />
The TNC is organized as a single organization with a volunteer Board of Directors that are responsible for delegating day-to-day operations to the President and Chief Executive Officer who then delegates responsibilities to their executive team. <br />
<br />
The Board of Directors established chapters at state and country levels with each run by a director. This director manages TNC's annual budget and plan which then gets reported to the President and the Board of Directors.<br />
<br />
The Board of Trustees are also volunteers with diverse strengths that assist and advise TNC chapters on strategic issues and setting goals.<ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.about</ref><br />
<br />
To determine ethics and legalities of the TNC, the Audit Committee assists in oversight and monitoring of TNC’s systems of internal controls and risk mitigation, in ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards and in selecting and hiring of the internal and independent auditors. Per the bylaws, audits are preformed annual by an independent certified public accountant. The reports can be found [https://www.nature.org/about-us/our-accountability/annual-report/index.htm here]. <ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/board-of-directors/bylaws.xml</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Projects==<br />
<br />
'''Guadalupe–Nipomo Dunes Project'''<br />
<br />
Part of the dunes, previously owned by a oil company with a history of oil development and abandoned oil wells, was transferred to the TNC in 1989. This resulted in limiting land use to recreational activities. The TNC began managing this project in 1999 with a goal to sustain the long-term viability of the Dunes Complex and its appropriate enjoyment by humans.<ref>https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_8/NWRS/Zone_1/Hopper_Mountain_Complex/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes/Sections/What_We_Do/Conservation/GNDNWR_FINAL_CCP.pdf</ref> The Guadalupe–Nipomo Dunes is the largest intact coastal dune ecosystem on Earth located between Pismo State Beach to Point Sal in central California. This 18-mile long dune now belongs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Santa Barbara County, the Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County, a number of private parties, and the California State Department of Parks and Recreation to ensure the dunes are protected from incompatible development or use.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/guadalupe-nipomo-dunes.xml</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Monterey County Project'''<br />
<br />
TNC combines land protection and community-based conservation as well as a sustained effort to introduce good conservation principles into public policy and land-use planning. TNC's future goals are to purchase and acquire conservation easements on key lands in highly threatened, biologically rich conservation areas. Some examples in [[Monterey County]] include:<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/monterey-county.xml</ref> <br />
<br />
*A $1 million grant from the TNC to the Monterey Bay Fisheries Trust to restore fishing rights providing local and sustainably managed fishery.<ref>https://montereybayfisheriestrust.org/news/2017/2/3/news-release-3</ref> <br />
*TNC worked with the [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]], and other local entities to plan, design and facilitate permitting of management strategies that maximize multiple benefits of flood risk reduction, groundwater recharge, community health and safety, and connectivity of riparian and coastal biodiversity to increase long-term climate resilience along the [[Salinas river]].<ref>http://bondaccountability.resources.ca.gov/Project.aspx?ProjectPK=12819&PropositionPK=4</ref><br />
*In 1971, the TNC purchased wetlands to protect the [[Elkhorn Slough]] Reserve from major development.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/elkhorn-slough.xml</ref> <br />
* The [[Andrew Molera State Park]] was first protected by TNC in 1965 when a Molera family member contacted TNC as a holding agency with the intention to turn the land into a state park.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/the-nature-conservancy-in-california-1965-andrew-molera-state-park.xml</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mount Hamilton Project'''<br />
<br />
This project started in 1998 when the TNC started acquiring parcels of land and later partnering with other organizations to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem. The 1.5-million-acre conservation project safeguards threatened wildlife habitats while streamside forests, woodlands and grasslands form a critical part of the watershed that guarantees a healthy water supply to the San Francisco Bay Area residents.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/mount-hamilton-1.xml</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''San Luis Obispo County Project'''<br />
<br />
With the growing human population, the TNC aims to conserve the increasingly threatened biodiversity of San Luis Obispo County. This project has protected more than 18,000 acres of natural areas, open spaces, and grasslands. In particular, TNC's priorities include conserving Cambria Pines, Irish Hills, the Upper Salinas Oak Woodlands, the Carrizo Plain National Monument, and the Salinas, Estrella, and San Juan Rivers. <ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/san-louis-obispo-county.xml</ref><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
*[[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* More information about [http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/index.htm TNC California] can be found on their website.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Nature_Conservancy_(TNC)The Nature Conservancy (TNC)2019-04-04T19:35:56Z<p>StefanieK: /* Governance */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:TheNatureConservancy.jpg|350px|thumb|The Nature Conservancy Logo[https://www.nature.org/?intc=nature.tnav.logo]]]<br />
[[File:GNDC TNC.PNG|350px|thumb|Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Complex<ref>https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_8/NWRS/Zone_1/Hopper_Mountain_Complex/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes/Sections/What_We_Do/Conservation/GNDNWR_FINAL_CCP.pdf</ref>]]<br />
[[File:ES protected lands 0309-lr.jpg|350px|thumb|Ownership of the Elkhorn Slough Watershed in 2009<ref>http://www.elkhornslough.org/protectedlands/index.htm</ref>]]<br />
[[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The TNC is a [[non-profit organization]] founded in 1951 and since then grew more than 1 million members while conserving more than 119 million acres of land, and operating more than 100 marine conservation projects. The agency works in 72 countries around the world.<ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.about</ref> The TNC's mission is to ensure that people can thrive without destroying the resources we depend on.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.ourwork </ref> The TNC strives for healthy landscapes to improve livelihoods, create rural jobs, improve food and water security, protect habitats, and reduce the risk of climate change. This is achieved by communicating and partnering with the community, using science to improve mitigation practices, and influencing policy.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/land-conservation/howwework/index.htm?intc3=nature.lands.lp.splash1</ref> The TNC protects water by reforestation and improving farming practices<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/water/enough-water-for-all/index.htm?intc3=nature.water.lp.r1c2</ref>, and preserves natural habitats to protect the coasts and quantifies the ocean's resources.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/oceans/understanding-ocean-benefits/index.htm?intc3=nature.oceans.lp.r1c3</ref> Strategies are developed to ensure healthier quality of life for people in cities, improved habitat for wildlife, and that people have access to quality green space. <ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/nature-in-cities/index.htm</ref> To combat the effects of climate change, the TNC is developing practical and cost-effective solutions around the world to help people slow the rate of climate change and deal with its impacts.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/innovate-and-share-science/index.htm?intc3=nature.climate.lp.r1c1</ref><br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
<br />
The TNC is organized as a single organization with a volunteer Board of Directors that are responsible for delegating day-to-day operations to the President and Chief Executive Officer who then delegates responsibilities to their executive team. <br />
<br />
The Board of Directors established chapters at state and country level with each run by a director. This director manages TNC's annual budget and plan which then gets reported to the President and the Board of Directors.<br />
<br />
The Board of Trustees are also volunteers with diverse strengths that assist and advise TNC chapters on strategic issues and setting goals.<ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/index.htm?intc=nature.tnav.about</ref><br />
<br />
To determine ethics and legalities of the TNC, the Audit Committee assists in oversight and monitoring of TNC’s systems of internal controls and risk mitigation, in ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards and in selecting and hiring of the internal and independent auditors. Per the bylaws, audits are preformed annual by an independent certified public accountant. The reports can be found [https://www.nature.org/about-us/our-accountability/annual-report/index.htm here]. <ref>https://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/board-of-directors/bylaws.xml</ref><br />
<br />
==Central Coast Projects==<br />
<br />
'''Guadalupe–Nipomo Dunes Project'''<br />
<br />
Part of the dunes, previously owned by a oil company with a history of oil development and abandoned oil wells, was transferred to the TNC in 1989. This resulted in limiting land use to recreational activities. The TNC began managing this project in 1999 with a goal to sustain the long-term viability of the Dunes Complex and its appropriate enjoyment by humans.<ref>https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_8/NWRS/Zone_1/Hopper_Mountain_Complex/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes/Sections/What_We_Do/Conservation/GNDNWR_FINAL_CCP.pdf</ref> The Guadalupe–Nipomo Dunes is the largest intact coastal dune ecosystem on Earth located between Pismo State Beach to Point Sal in central California. This 18-mile long dune now belongs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Santa Barbara County, the Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County, a number of private parties, and the California State Department of Parks and Recreation to ensure the dunes are protected from incompatible development or use.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/guadalupe-nipomo-dunes.xml</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Monterey County Project'''<br />
<br />
TNC combines land protection and community-based conservation as well as a sustained effort to introduce good conservation principles into public policy and land-use planning. TNC's future goals are to purchase and acquire conservation easements on key lands in highly threatened, biologically rich conservation areas. Some examples in [[Monterey County]] include:<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/monterey-county.xml</ref> <br />
<br />
*A $1 million grant from the TNC to the Monterey Bay Fisheries Trust to restore fishing rights providing local and sustainably managed fishery.<ref>https://montereybayfisheriestrust.org/news/2017/2/3/news-release-3</ref> <br />
*TNC worked with the [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]], and other local entities to plan, design and facilitate permitting of management strategies that maximize multiple benefits of flood risk reduction, groundwater recharge, community health and safety, and connectivity of riparian and coastal biodiversity to increase long-term climate resilience along the [[Salinas river]].<ref>http://bondaccountability.resources.ca.gov/Project.aspx?ProjectPK=12819&PropositionPK=4</ref><br />
*In 1971, the TNC purchased wetlands to protect the [[Elkhorn Slough]] Reserve from major development.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/elkhorn-slough.xml</ref> <br />
* The [[Andrew Molera State Park]] was first protected by TNC in 1965 when a Molera family member contacted TNC as a holding agency with the intention to turn the land into a state park.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/the-nature-conservancy-in-california-1965-andrew-molera-state-park.xml</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Mount Hamilton Project'''<br />
<br />
This project started in 1998 when the TNC started acquiring parcels of land and later partnering with other organizations to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem. The 1.5-million-acre conservation project safeguards threatened wildlife habitats while streamside forests, woodlands and grasslands form a critical part of the watershed that guarantees a healthy water supply to the San Francisco Bay Area residents.<ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/mount-hamilton-1.xml</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''San Luis Obispo County Project'''<br />
<br />
With the growing human population, the TNC aims to conserve the increasingly threatened biodiversity of San Luis Obispo County. This project has protected more than 18,000 acres of natural areas, open spaces, and grasslands. In particular, TNC's priorities include conserving Cambria Pines, Irish Hills, the Upper Salinas Oak Woodlands, the Carrizo Plain National Monument, and the Salinas, Estrella, and San Juan Rivers. <ref>https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/san-louis-obispo-county.xml</ref><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
*[[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* More information about [http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/index.htm TNC California] can be found on their website.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_SystemsENVS 560/L Watershed Systems2019-04-04T19:09:08Z<p>StefanieK: /* Stakeholders in Environmental Issues */</p>
<hr />
<div>The ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class in the [https://csumb.edu/amws M.S. in Environmental Science program] at [[CSUMB]] is taught by Dr Fred Watson and Dr Doug Smith each spring (2009 - 2018, and counting...). One section of the class involves reviewing, creating, and updating pages for this web site, the CCoWS Wiki.<br />
<br />
If you have questions about a page on this web site, please email [http://science.csumb.edu/~fwatson/index.html Dr Fred Watson].<br />
<br />
The class has examined a number of [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summaries]] and [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California|watershed issues]], some of which are also listed here:<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
* General:<br />
** [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
** [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* CEQA:<br />
** [[CEQA Overview]]<br />
** [[CEQA Glossary]]<br />
** [[CEQA review and land use planning]]<br />
** [[CEQA and California's Central Coast]]<br />
** [[CEQA projects on Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Agencies that are lead applicants in CEQA]]<br />
** [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]]<br />
** [[Hydrology and Water Quality CEQA Mitigation Measures]]<br />
**CEQA and the [[California Natural Diversity Database]]<br />
** [[CEQA Summary of The Collection at Monterey Bay Resort]]<br />
** [[Ocean Harbor House Seawall]]<br />
* Land use:<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
*** [[Fort Ord Reuse Authority (FORA)]]<br />
** [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]]<br />
** [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
** [[Oak Woodland Protection Plans]]<br />
*** [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]]<br />
** [[Use of Sloped Areas in Monterey County]]<br />
** [[Potential watershed impacts on Elkhorn Slough]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
* Wildlife:<br />
**[[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]]<br />
**[[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]]<br />
** [[Riparian habitats as wildlife corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Urban stormwater:<br />
**[[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to California's Central Coast region]]<br />
*** [[Urban stormwater management in the Monterey Bay region]]<br />
**** [[Urban stormwater management in the City of Pacific Grove]]<br />
**** [[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula]]<br />
*** [[Urban stormwater management in Santa Cruz County]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Scotts Valley]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Santa Cruz]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Capitola]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Watsonville]]<br />
* Groundwater:<br />
** [[Groundwater topics in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]]<br />
** [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]]<br />
** [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)]]:<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
** [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings - Priorities, Progress, and Documents]]<br />
** [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Approaches to TMDL Development and Implementation in the Monterey Bay Area]]<br />
** [[Total Maximum Daily Load program follow-up in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
**Salinas River Watershed:<br />
*** [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
*** [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
*** [[TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
** [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]]<br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
* Ag Waiver:<br />
** [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver]]<br />
** [[Regional regulatory approaches to agricultural runoff in California]]<br />
** [[Conditional waivers of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands throughout California]]<br />
** [[Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. (CCWQPI)]]<br />
** [[CCWQPI monitoring results and reporting]] <br />
* Fire:<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
* Steelhead & Salmon:<br />
** [[Coho Salmon Crisis in the Central California Coast ESU]]<br />
** [[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* Dams:<br />
** [[San Clemente Dam]]<br />
** [[Los Padres Dam]]<br />
*** [[Los Padres Reservoir Capacity Issues]]<br />
* Government<br />
** [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]]<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
== Specific watersheds ==<br />
<br />
**San Lorenzo River Watershed:<br />
*** [[Progress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
*[[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
**[[Map Of The Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
**[[Maps of the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed]]<br />
** [[Gabilan Watershed: Flow duration analysis]]<br />
* [[The Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of the Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
* [[The Carneros Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of the Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [[Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
<br />
== Stakeholders in Environmental Issues ==<br />
<br />
*Government<br />
**[[California Department of Public Health]]<br />
**[[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]]<br />
**[[City of Marina]]<br />
**[[California Department of Water Resources]]<br />
**[[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]]<br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]]<br />
<br />
*Businesses <br />
**[[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region|CEMEX]] is a Mexico-based, global building materials company that owns the CEMEX Lapis Plant in Marina, CA. <ref>[http://www.cemexusa.com/AboutUs.aspx CEMEX Website About Us Page] </ref><br />
<br />
*Agencies<br />
**[[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]]<br />
**[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
**[[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
<br />
*Non-Profits<br />
**[[Big Sur Land Trust (BSLT)]]<br />
**[https://www.surfrider.org/campaigns/cemex-sand-mining The Surfrider Foundation Monterey Chapter] <br />
**[http://saveourshores.org/sand/ Save Our Shores]<br />
**[http://coastalcare.org/2014/04/beach-mining-in-monterey-bay-causes-a-dustup/ Coastal Care Nonprofit]<br />
**[http://www.ventanasierraclub.org/conservation/marina/sand_mining.shtml Sierra Club Ventana Chapter]<br />
**[[Monterey County Farm Bureau]]<br />
**[[Santa Lucia Conservancy]]<br />
**[[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
**[[Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)]]<br />
<br />
*Others<br />
**[[Grower Shipper Association of the Central Coast]]<br />
**[[Central Coast Water Quality Coalition]]<br />
**[[Monterey Coastkeeper]]<br />
**[[Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program]]<br />
**[[California Coastkeeper Alliance]]<br />
<br />
== Data ==<br />
* [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Useful Data Sources]]<br />
* [[S:ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|Curricular information on ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] and its relationship to other courses in [[S:Division of Science and Environmental Policy|Division of Science and Environmental Policy]] at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu CSUMB], its staff, or students.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_SystemsENVS 560/L Watershed Systems2019-04-04T19:08:33Z<p>StefanieK: /* Stakeholders in Environmental Issues */</p>
<hr />
<div>The ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class in the [https://csumb.edu/amws M.S. in Environmental Science program] at [[CSUMB]] is taught by Dr Fred Watson and Dr Doug Smith each spring (2009 - 2018, and counting...). One section of the class involves reviewing, creating, and updating pages for this web site, the CCoWS Wiki.<br />
<br />
If you have questions about a page on this web site, please email [http://science.csumb.edu/~fwatson/index.html Dr Fred Watson].<br />
<br />
The class has examined a number of [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summaries]] and [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California|watershed issues]], some of which are also listed here:<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
* General:<br />
** [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
** [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]]<br />
* CEQA:<br />
** [[CEQA Overview]]<br />
** [[CEQA Glossary]]<br />
** [[CEQA review and land use planning]]<br />
** [[CEQA and California's Central Coast]]<br />
** [[CEQA projects on Central Coast]]<br />
** [[Agencies that are lead applicants in CEQA]]<br />
** [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]]<br />
** [[Hydrology and Water Quality CEQA Mitigation Measures]]<br />
**CEQA and the [[California Natural Diversity Database]]<br />
** [[CEQA Summary of The Collection at Monterey Bay Resort]]<br />
** [[Ocean Harbor House Seawall]]<br />
* Land use:<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
*** [[Fort Ord Reuse Authority (FORA)]]<br />
** [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]]<br />
** [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
** [[Oak Woodland Protection Plans]]<br />
*** [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]]<br />
** [[Use of Sloped Areas in Monterey County]]<br />
** [[Potential watershed impacts on Elkhorn Slough]]<br />
** [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]]<br />
* Wildlife:<br />
**[[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]]<br />
**[[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]]<br />
** [[Riparian habitats as wildlife corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
* Urban stormwater:<br />
**[[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to California's Central Coast region]]<br />
*** [[Urban stormwater management in the Monterey Bay region]]<br />
**** [[Urban stormwater management in the City of Pacific Grove]]<br />
**** [[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula]]<br />
*** [[Urban stormwater management in Santa Cruz County]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Scotts Valley]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Santa Cruz]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Capitola]]<br />
***** [[Urban storm water management in the City of Watsonville]]<br />
* Groundwater:<br />
** [[Groundwater topics in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]]<br />
** [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]]<br />
** [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]]<br />
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)]]:<br />
** [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
** [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings - Priorities, Progress, and Documents]]<br />
** [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Approaches to TMDL Development and Implementation in the Monterey Bay Area]]<br />
** [[Total Maximum Daily Load program follow-up in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
**Salinas River Watershed:<br />
*** [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
*** [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]<br />
*** [[TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]<br />
** [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]]<br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
* Ag Waiver:<br />
** [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver]]<br />
** [[Regional regulatory approaches to agricultural runoff in California]]<br />
** [[Conditional waivers of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands throughout California]]<br />
** [[Central Coast Water Quality Preservation, Inc. (CCWQPI)]]<br />
** [[CCWQPI monitoring results and reporting]] <br />
* Fire:<br />
** [[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
* Steelhead & Salmon:<br />
** [[Coho Salmon Crisis in the Central California Coast ESU]]<br />
** [[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* Dams:<br />
** [[San Clemente Dam]]<br />
** [[Los Padres Dam]]<br />
*** [[Los Padres Reservoir Capacity Issues]]<br />
* Government<br />
** [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]]<br />
* Geomorphology<br />
** [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
<br />
== Specific watersheds ==<br />
<br />
**San Lorenzo River Watershed:<br />
*** [[Progress of Implementation of Nitrate TMDL for the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, California]]<br />
*[[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
**[[Map Of The Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
**[[Maps of the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* [[The Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed]]<br />
** [[Gabilan Watershed: Flow duration analysis]]<br />
* [[The Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of the Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
* [[The Carneros Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of the Carneros Watershed]]<br />
* [[Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
** [[Maps of Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
<br />
== Stakeholders in Environmental Issues ==<br />
<br />
*Government<br />
**[[California Department of Public Health]]<br />
**[[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]]<br />
**[[City of Marina]]<br />
**[[California Department of Water Resources]]<br />
**[[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]]<br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]]<br />
<br />
*Businesses <br />
**[[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region|CEMEX]] is a Mexico-based, global building materials company that owns the CEMEX Lapis Plant in Marina, CA. <ref>[http://www.cemexusa.com/AboutUs.aspx CEMEX Website About Us Page] </ref><br />
<br />
*Agencies<br />
**[[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]]<br />
**[[California Coastal Commission]]<br />
**[[Monterey County Water Resources Agency]]<br />
**[[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
**[[Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)]]<br />
<br />
*Non-Profits<br />
**[[Big Sur Land Trust (BSLT)]]<br />
**[https://www.surfrider.org/campaigns/cemex-sand-mining The Surfrider Foundation Monterey Chapter] <br />
**[http://saveourshores.org/sand/ Save Our Shores]<br />
**[http://coastalcare.org/2014/04/beach-mining-in-monterey-bay-causes-a-dustup/ Coastal Care Nonprofit]<br />
**[http://www.ventanasierraclub.org/conservation/marina/sand_mining.shtml Sierra Club Ventana Chapter]<br />
**[[Monterey County Farm Bureau]]<br />
**[[Santa Lucia Conservancy]]<br />
<br />
*Others<br />
**[[Grower Shipper Association of the Central Coast]]<br />
**[[Central Coast Water Quality Coalition]]<br />
**[[Monterey Coastkeeper]]<br />
**[[Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program]]<br />
**[[California Coastkeeper Alliance]]<br />
<br />
== Data ==<br />
* [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [[Useful Data Sources]]<br />
* [[S:ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems|Curricular information on ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] and its relationship to other courses in [[S:Division of Science and Environmental Policy|Division of Science and Environmental Policy]] at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].<br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu CSUMB], its staff, or students.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/USDA_Natural_Resources_Conservation_ServiceUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service2019-04-03T23:33:53Z<p>StefanieK: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/home Natural Resource Conservation Service] (NRCS) is a organization within the USDA which aims to maintain a sustainable, nutritious, abundant food supply, while also promoting thriving ecosystems that support a diversity of life. The NRCS provides landowners with [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs programs] that tackle a wide range of conservation goals, from wetland protection to on-farm energy conservation. NRCS originated in 1935 as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and became NRCS in 1994 to "better reflect the broadened scope of the agency's concerns <ref>[NRCS. 2012. History of the NRCS. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/history]</ref>. In [[California's Central Coast Region]] they work closely with [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region|Resource Conservation Districts]] to accomplish shared resource conservation goals, particularly in providing technical assistance to landowners, growers and ranchers.<br />
<br />
==California NRCS==<br />
===Structure===<br />
The [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/ California NRCS] is divided into four areas. <br />
<br />
*'''Area 1 Office:''' Red Bluff, CA<br />
**Area 1 covers the northern part of California, bordering on Oregon in the North and with Areas 2 and 3 in the south. It serves three Congressional Districts with 12 Service Centers, four Local Partnership Offices, four RRC&D Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 27 Resource Conservation Districts and others to meet the conservation needs of 17 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 2 Office:''' Salinas, CA<br />
**Area 2 extends along the coast from the counties on the north side of San Francisco down to Santa Barbara and inland to Stockton and Modesto, covering 15 counties. It serves 17 Congressional Districts using ten Service Centers, five Local Partnership Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 25 Resource Conservation Districts, including the five [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]].<br />
<br />
*'''Area 3 Office:''' Fresno, CA<br />
**Area 3 extends from South Lake Tahoe through the Central Valley to Bakersfield. It serves ten Congressional Districts using 11 Service Centers, two Local Partnership Offices, three Resource Conservation and Development offices and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with six Resource Conservation Districts to meet the conservation needs of 12 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 4 Office:''' Riverside, CA<br />
**Area 4 is the home of five of the top twenty agricultural counties in the United States, with a diverse terrain, climate, animals and plant life. The area dawns valleys below sea level and peaks over 14,000 feet high. Precipitation ranges from less than 2 inches in some desert areas to 60 inches on the high slopes of Mt. San Antonio. Area 4 has desert vegetation, grasslands, brushland, hardwood and coniferous forests. The area serves 34 Congressional Districts.<br />
<br />
===Programs===<br />
The CA NRCS offers conservation [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/ programs] that provide incentives for farmers and landowners to implement various best management practices. Programs are often used to promote voluntary compliance with water quality regulations such as [[Total Mean Daily Load (TMDL) |TMDLs]] or the California [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver |Ag Waiver]]. The NRCS also provides [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ technical resources] that help landowners to reach conservation goals.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/USDA_Natural_Resources_Conservation_ServiceUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service2019-04-03T23:29:39Z<p>StefanieK: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/home Natural Resource Conservation Service] (NRCS) is a organization within the USDA which aims to maintain a sustainable, nutritious, abundant food supply, while also promoting thriving ecosystems that support a diversity of life. The NRCS provides landowners with [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs programs] that tackle a wide range of conservation goals, from wetland protection to on-farm energy conservation. NRCS originated in 1935 as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)and became NRCS in 1994 to "better reflect the broadened scope of the agency's concerns <ref>[NRCS. 2012. History of the NRCS. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/history]</ref>. In [[California's Central Coast Region]] they work closely with [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region|Resource Conservation Districts]] to accomplish shared resource conservation goals, particularly in providing technical assistance to landowners, growers and ranchers.<br />
<br />
==California NRCS==<br />
===Structure===<br />
The [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/ California NRCS] is divided into four areas. <br />
<br />
*'''Area 1 Office:''' Red Bluff, CA<br />
**Area 1 covers the northern part of California, bordering on Oregon in the North and with Areas 2 and 3 in the south. It serves three Congressional Districts with 12 Service Centers, four Local Partnership Offices, four RRC&D Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 27 Resource Conservation Districts and others to meet the conservation needs of 17 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 2 Office:''' Salinas, CA<br />
**Area 2 extends along the coast from the counties on the north side of San Francisco down to Santa Barbara and inland to Stockton and Modesto, covering 15 counties. It serves 17 Congressional Districts using ten Service Centers, five Local Partnership Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 25 Resource Conservation Districts, including the five [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]].<br />
<br />
*'''Area 3 Office:''' Fresno, CA<br />
**Area 3 extends from South Lake Tahoe through the Central Valley to Bakersfield. It serves ten Congressional Districts using 11 Service Centers, two Local Partnership Offices, three Resource Conservation and Development offices and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with six Resource Conservation Districts to meet the conservation needs of 12 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 4 Office:''' Riverside, CA<br />
**Area 4 is the home of five of the top twenty agricultural counties in the United States, with a diverse terrain, climate, animals and plant life. The area dawns valleys below sea level and peaks over 14,000 feet high. Precipitation ranges from less than 2 inches in some desert areas to 60 inches on the high slopes of Mt. San Antonio. Area 4 has desert vegetation, grasslands, brushland, hardwood and coniferous forests. The area serves 34 Congressional Districts.<br />
<br />
===Programs===<br />
The CA NRCS offers conservation [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/ programs] that provide incentives for farmers and landowners to implement various best management practices. Programs are often used to promote voluntary compliance with water quality regulations such as [[Total Mean Daily Load (TMDL) |TMDLs]] or the California [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver |Ag Waiver]]. The NRCS also provides [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ technical resources] that help landowners to reach conservation goals.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems_-_WorkingENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working2019-04-03T23:25:28Z<p>StefanieK: /* Minor contribs in 2019 */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a working area for the [[ENVS 560]] class.<br />
<br />
== Lists to keep up to date==<br />
<br />
Don't forget to make sure all major 'issue' and 'summary' pages are listed in one of the site [[Contents]] pages.<br />
<br />
== Ideas for the future ==<br />
<br />
* Check and move all items from [[ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems|the list on this page]] to [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|this page]] or [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California|this page]]. Ultimately, we DON'T want to have a list on the 560 page.<br />
* Check what we have on mitigation banking (e.g. 2 CalTrans banks in our region - at Carmel Lagoon & at Elkhorn Slough)<br />
* Check what we have on who can hold cons easements (e.g. BSLT has applied to be able to do this)<br />
<br />
===New pages & major updates===<br />
<br />
* A page on models used in Env Mgt in the Central Coast, and a page on each model (including links to projects where it has been used). Include models like:<br />
** [[HEC-RAS]]<br />
** [[HEC-HMS]]<br />
** [[SVIGSM]]<br />
** [[MODFLOW]]<br />
<br />
* Flesh out this page: [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* A page on [[Monterey County Civil Grand Jury]] and some of the key things it's done<br />
* A page on RCDs, and add RCDs to examples of "Special Districts"<br />
* A page explaining the basic concept of 'water rights' and listing the local issues that are relevant to it (e.g. Seawater Intrusion, Urban Development, ...)<br />
<br />
'''Fill in pages that have been created on this wiki but are empty or mostly empty'''<br />
* Flesh out pages on these organizations and what they do in the CC region:<br />
** [[BLM]]. A functional [[BLM]] wikipage is something that could greatly help round out this wiki. A '''lot''' of existing wikipages link back to the currently empty BLM or relate to the BLM in some way. Might be something seriously worth considering as a "phase 2" project for 2019. <br />
** [[USFS]]<br />
** [[MPRPD]]<br />
** [[RCDMC]]<br />
** [[USFWS]]<br />
** [[CNPS]]<br />
** [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS) Rare Plant Ranking System]]<br />
* A list of major ecosystem types of the region, with links to pages on each, and with each page including a section on policy surrounding that ecosystem e.g. :<br />
** [[Coastal Oak Woodland]]<br />
** [[Maritime Chaparral]]<br />
** [[Coastal Dune Scrub]]<br />
** [[Annual Grassland]]<br />
** [[Vernal Pools]]<br />
** [[Coastal Redwood Forest]]<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
** The overall ecosystems page would look something like the page on [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]] except with one link for each habitat wiki.<br />
** Individual ecosystem pages would be like the existing page/s relating to [[Oak Woodland]]<br />
* Add pages on energy issues in the California Central coast, like '''fracking''', etc...<br />
* Flesh out the page on [[National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)]] (a bit like we've already done for the [[CEQA]] page). Specifically, include things like EIS, FONSI, CATEX, Section 7 consultations. Also include examples of prominent projects whose environmental impacts have primarily been addressed through NEPA (as opposed to CEQA), e.g. California Valley Solar, and probably a bunch of federal UXO actions on Ft Ord.<br />
* Page on [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]] otherwise known as [[2081]] permits<br />
** Needs to be related to this page [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]], which might need a split or a name change to make it more general and less specific about 'restoration'<br />
** Separate new page listing major or exemplary [[ITPs]] in the region<br />
* Develop pages regarding [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]]:<br />
** [[Fort Ord National Monument]]<br />
** [[Fort Ord Recreational Habitat Area (FORHA)]]<br />
** [[Carmel Area State Park General Plan (CASP GP)]]<br />
** [[California Coastal Trail (CCT)]]<br />
** [[Monterey Bay Sanctuary Scenic Trail Network]]<br />
* Page on EIRs, probably small, leaving most of the heavy lifting to the various [[CEQA]] pages<br />
* New page on the effort to create a groundwater sustainability agency for the Salinas Valley<br />
* New page on [[Water Supply Issues on the Former Fort Ord]]<br />
* New page on the former [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
* Develop the [[California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)]] page to include a list of major points where CPUC has exerted influence on projects in the southern Monterey Monterey Bay region.<br />
* Pages on some specific [[Special Status Species]], including things basic life history and distribution, but mainly focusing on relevance to environmental management i.e. how their protection relates to various projects e.g. Snowy Plover, and its relationship with [[SVWSP]] and [[The Collection at Monterey Bay]] etc.<br />
* New page on [[Wildlife Connectivity in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Would need to integrate with the existing pages on [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] and [[Wildlife Corridor]]<br />
** Things to include<br />
*** Work done by Pathways for Wildlife<br />
*** Work to be done by [[FORA]] and Dudek on oak woodland connectivity<br />
*** Recent statewide analysis funded by CalTrans - included mapping of Central Coast region<br />
*** Work led by [[TNC]]<br />
* Pages on Easements, and specifically Conservation Easements, and more-specifically, major Conservation Easements held in the region.<br />
* New page on [[Canyon Del Rey Watershed]] and [[Maps of Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
* New page on [[CCWQPI monitoring results and reporting]]<br />
* New page on [[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to California's Central Coast region]]<br />
* New page on [[CEQA and California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* New page on [[Integrated Regional Water Management in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* A page on [[Recovery Plans]] under the [[ESA]] (listing ones that are being or have been developed in the Central Coast)<br />
* Flesh out the 'Watch-Listed' category on the [[Special Status Species]] page (perhaps with a new page). Give local examples (e.g. some birds), and show how species get on this list (some specific analyses of CBC and BBS trends by one or two NGOs).<br />
* Summarize local examples (e.g. from actual local EIRs) of how various [[Special Status Species]] designations have been recognized and heeded. e.g. in what cases have 'Watch Listed' species been identified in an [[EIR]] or [[IS/MND]], and what was the consequence of this?<br />
<br />
'''Fill in or create pages regarding key regions or location of interest along the Californian Central Coast'''<br />
* New page on [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS)]]<br />
* Page on [[The Big Sur River Watershed]]<br />
* New pages on [[City of Seaside]], [[City of Monterey]], [[City of Pacific Grove]], [[Pebble Beach]], [[Carmel]], [[Carmel Highlands]], [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], and [[Carmel Valley]].<br />
* Flesh out [[Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Region (Basin Plan)]]<br />
* This page is out of date: [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
<br />
=== Short, dead-end, and pages with the fewest revisions ===<br />
<br />
A good place to look for pages that could potentially need beefing up is under the [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:SpecialPages Special Pages] section of this wiki. Specifically, look under:<br />
<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:ShortPages Short pages]<br />
**Lists pages that could use some beefing up. Some pages look like they aren't relevant to the wiki, but others do (i.e. [[Point source pollution]], [[California Energy Commission]], and many more).<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:DeadendPages Dead-end pages]<br />
**These pages do not link to other pages in the CCoWS Wiki (which is something we want to avoid. We want the wiki pages to be as interconnected as possible). Probably means that these pages are undereveloped, too...<br />
***It would be wise to look through these and add links to other wikis if applicable.<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:FewestRevisions Pages with the fewest revisions]<br />
**Also a good place to look for pages that need some minor to major revisions (for example, the [[California Natural Resources Agency]] and [[California Tiger Salamander]], and pages are listed here.)<br />
**This is also an '''excellent''' place to look for pages that could potentially be part of your '''Phase 1''' assignment. Some of these pages appear to be moderately fleshed out but have few revisions <br />
<br />
Be wary though, looks like some of these pages could be redirected to other beefed up pages. Use the search bar to make sure you aren't re-writing information that already exists.<br />
<br />
===Minor to moderate updates===<br />
<br />
* Capture the projects, consultants, and models used in [http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/EPB%20and%20Scenic%20Road%20Protection/Feas%20Rpt%20-%20Final%20Tech%20Rpts%20(geology%20hydrology%20biology).pdf this report] on the Carmel Lagoon Ecosystem Protective Barrier<br />
<br />
* Add [http://acshabitat.com/] to firms working in our region. They do hab management for Naval Support Activity Monterey in the dunes area.<br />
<br />
* Update the pages relating to major current water projects i.e.:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]] - / Pure Water Monterey - lots has probably happened since last page update<br />
<br />
* Add firms and projects to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]]:<br />
** Firms:<br />
*** Firms involved with the CSUMB Master Plan Update (In 2016 added some new firms- more firms may have done work on this plan)<br />
*** Firms involved with Seaside General Plan update - Raimi etc.<br />
<br />
*Add more to:<br />
** [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
** [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] - summarize the RESULTS of the slant well test, and the controversy since those results<br />
** [[Big Sur Region]]<br />
** Individual pages on counties and cities listed [[California's Central Coast Region|here]]. Make sure links are added to all pages! <br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District (MPRPD)]]<br />
<br />
* Restructure:<br />
** The summary on this page isn't really a "summary": [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]]<br />
** This page is bit disorganized. It is supposed to address progress SINCE the adoption of the TMDL, but instead it focuses mainly on plans made during adoption of the TMDL: [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]]<br />
* Split the [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] page into two pages - one on intrusion, and the other on [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]].<br />
<br />
* Add basic disclaimer etc to any wikis lacking it<br />
<br />
===More ideas from Doug===<br />
<br />
*Regional water and [[Desalination in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Balanced view of the current desal options.<br />
** Decision making process about selecting a desal provider<br />
** Current thoughts on cost to rate payers<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] removal<br />
** update--dam is down---river is constructed--before and after monitoring of impacts is ongoing. There are some pre-removal datasets to link to.<br />
* Status of county's response to new State Groundwater Monitoring regs. Compare to other parts of the state?<br />
* Get a list of the planned urban development for the next ten years in the CalAm service area and assess the water consumption of those developments.<br />
* Follow up on Big Sur Watershed management plan as a case study in that kind of public process...what kinds of projects were implemented or are planned as a result of that document. What is the process for getting improvement projects funded? Does the current watershed management planning process work? What is the status of the Carmel watershed management planning process?<br />
* Issues around los padres Dam.<br />
* Progress on the nacitone tunnel.<br />
<br />
== Pages people are updating in 2019 ==<br />
<br />
* [[Invasive Species of California]] '''Phase 1: Andrew C'''<br />
* [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Special Status Animals in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: John W'''<br />
* [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Seawater Intrusion in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Joey K'''<br />
* removed "Aquifer" and "Aquifers of the Central Coast" for [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
** removed "groundwater" contradictory references for [[Groundwater topics in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
** Wrote brief page for [[Carmel Valley Aquifer]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
*[[Trout Unlimited]] Added pertinent information, changed incorrect statements, and removed or replaced 2 dead links. '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs in 2019==<br />
<br />
* [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]] '''Phase 2: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]] '''Phase 2: Andrew C'''<br />
* [[Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)]] '''Phase 2: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Monterey Pine Forest]] '''Phase 2: John W'''<br />
* [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)]] '''Phase 2: Michael Gennaro'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]] '''Phase 2: Joey K'''<br />
<br />
==Minor contribs in 2019==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
* Sand Mining. Provided news articles pertaining to the CEMEX operation since Mar 16, 2016. Fixed two article lines: Santa Cruz Sentinel Mar 21, 2016 and Monterey Herald Aug 26, 2013. Provided four bullets on how the CEMEX plant is conflicting with the Coastal Act, referencing a new source, 2017 memo by the California Coastal Commission. Flushed out Systems and Processes, Resources at Stake. Under Resources, added sensitive plant species known to occur on CEMEX property. Reorganized page. Added images. Added a section on Settlement Agreement. Flushed out all sections. Added section on Permit history. '''Phase 1 RubyKD'''<br />
* Fixed broken link to City of Marina under Local Coastal Programs within the Central Coast Area, under wiki page Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region. '''Phase 1 RubyKD'''<br />
* created the page for [[Salinas Valley]]. One sentence general description to establish this page. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
* Fixed some grammar and added links where links were broken or not present in [[Invasive Species of California]]. Added more species to the different groups, and added more information to the existing group. Linked [[Invasive Species of California]] to [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]] where necessary. '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
* Fixed incorrect information in [[Trout Unlimited]] and fixed several dead links. Removed information I couldn't find a link for ( a specific article citing a specific event). '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
* Special Status Animals. Added proposed/under review species Monarch, Foothill YLF, WPT. '''Phase 1 RKD'''<br />
* [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]] - lead-in sentence and added to list. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
* [[Seawater Intrusion in the California Central Coast Region]]- lead-in sentence. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
* [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]] - updated RCD section. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
* [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]] - adding links and updates related to RCDs. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
<br />
==Pages people are updating in 2018==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Special Status Animals in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[ESNERR]] and a little bit on [[Elkhorn Slough]] '''Phase 1: Kat H'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Bethany'''<br />
* [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]] '''Phase 1: Emily W'''<br />
* [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Monterey Bay Region]] '''Phase 1: Arev'''<br />
* [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 1: Michael'''<br />
* [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Cory'''<br />
* [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] - add articles '''Phase 1: Jessie '''<br />
* [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] - fixed links '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]] '''Phase 1: Jessie '''<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA)]] - added picture '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] '''Phase 1: Zane'''<br />
* [[Slant wells|slant intake wells]] '''Phase 1: Zane'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs in 2018==<br />
<br />
* [[California Coastal Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
*[[The Nature Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
* [[Trout Unlimited]] '''Phase 2: Jessie '''. '''Phase 3: Michael'''<br />
* [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Michael'''<br />
* [[Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Non-Profit Organizations in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany. Phase 3: Emily'''<br />
* [[Monterey One Water]] '''Phase 2: Zane'''. '''Phase 3: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Arev'''. '''Phase 3: Zane'''<br />
* [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Regulation in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Amanda P'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
* [[California Department of Parks and Recreation]] '''Phase 2: Emily W'''. '''Phase 3: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[Pajaro River]]'''Phase 2: Emily W'''. '''Phase 3: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[Monterey County]];Added image to [[Monterey County Resource Management Agency (RMA)]] ''' Phase 2: Rahil''', '''Phase 3: Bethany'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District]] '''Phase 2: Cory'''. '''Phase 3: Kat H'''<br />
* [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] '''Phase 2: Michael'''. '''Phase 3: Arev'''<br />
*Adding to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] and spinoff page [[Environmental Consultants in Central California by Project Area]] '''Phase 2: Kat H,''' '''Phase 3: Cory'''<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2018 (not mandatory, but list 'em here if you make 'em):==<br />
<br />
*created the [[Water providers in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Andrew Molera State Park]], [[Pacific Grove Local Water Project (PGLWP)]], [[Smolt]], [[Striped Bass]], [[City of Paso Robles]], [[Santa Ana winds]], [[HEC-HMS]],,, [[California Natural Resource Agency]], [[California Coastal Trail]] page '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
*redirect Los Padres to [[Los Padres Dam]], TU to [[Trout Unlimited]], CRSA to [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]]'''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* updates to wildfires on [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* updated links to [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]] and [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] '''Phase 1: Rahil'''<br />
*[[Lobos-Corona Parklands Project]] '''Cory'''<br />
*Fix broken links and updates to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Cory'''<br />
* [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Central Coast Region (R3)]] '''Phase 1: Arev''' [[Resource Conservation District, Monterey County (RCDMC)]] '''Phase 2: Arev'''; [[State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)]] '''Phase 3: Arev'''<br />
*Redirect ''[[Arundo donax]]'' to [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Redirect [[Wildfire]] to [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Redirect [[Sand Mining]] to [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Added towns and cities to [[California's Central Coast Region]] '''Emily'''<br />
*Redirect [[Big Sur]] to [[Big Sur Region]] '''Phase 3: Bethany'''<br />
<br />
==Pages people are updating in 2017:==<br />
<br />
* [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]] '''Phase 1: Nikki'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] and [[Wildlife Corridor]] '''Phase 1: Magnolia'''<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Lizzy'''<br />
* [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]] '''Phase 1: Cynthia'''<br />
*[[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 1: Shawnte'''<br />
* [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Tiffanee'''<br />
* Update maps in [[Maps of the Carmel River Watershed]] '''Phase 1: Nikki'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]]:include new EIR '''Phase 1: Anna'''<br />
*[[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]] '''Phase 1: Matt'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2017:==<br />
<br />
* New page on proposed [[Fort Ord Rec Trail and Greenway (FORTAG)]] '''Phase 2: Nikki''' '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
<br />
* Fill in page on [[Clean Water Act]] '''Phase 2: Shawnte''' '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] and [[Central Region Department of Fish and Wildlife]] '''Phase 2: Matt and Tiffanee''', '''Phase 3: Shawnte - California DFW page, Nikki - Central Region DFW page'''<br />
<br />
* Fill in page on [[Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia''', '''Phase 3: Anna'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[Soberanes Fire]] '''Phase 2: Magnolia''', '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[History of Major Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Lizzy''', '''Phase 3: Matt''', '''Phase 3: Lizzy, after Matt's edits'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[Los Osos Groundwater Basin and Sewer]] '''Phase 2: Anna''' '''Phase 3: Tiffanee'''<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Phase 3: Nikki''' reads new pages for grammar and style<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2017 (not mandatory, but list 'em here if you make 'em):==<br />
<br />
* Basic details added to [[Santa Lucia Range]], [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], [[Gabilan Range]]/[[Gabilan Mountains]] '''Phase 1: Magnolia'''<br />
* Minor contribution to [[TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]] '''Phase 2: Shawnte'''<br />
* New page started for [[Technical Tools used in Environmental Science and Management within California's Central Coast Region]] to connect [[Tarsier]] pages. '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
* Tiny page created for [[Ramorum Blight]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Link added to [[Oak Woodlands of California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Cynthia'''<br />
* minor update to[[Slant wells]]'''Phase 1: Anna'''<br />
* connected several links on [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region|fire]] pages, [[Clean Water Act|CWA]] pages, cleaned up various [[Regulatory Agencies in the Central Coast Region|agency]] pages. '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
* addition of American water to [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]]'''Phase 1: Anna<br />
*Added county names to [[California's Central Coast Region]] page '''Phase 2: Lizzy'''<br />
*Added blank pages for [[California Chaparral]], [[Santa Ana winds]], [[Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)]] '''Phase 2: Lizzy'''<br />
* Start new page on [[Public land jurisdictions in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Nikki'''<br />
* Add page on [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)]] '''Phase 2: Magnolia''' '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Add page on [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS) Rare Plant Ranking System]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Add page on [[Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* added simple pages for [[Zaca Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Kirk Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Rat Creek - Gorda Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Marble Cone Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], and made [[Basin-Indians Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] and [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] specific to each wildfire (moved general wildfire info to [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region]]) '''Phase 3: Matt'''<br />
*Created a page for the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] and linked it to the [[CEQA Overview]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Added links to fire names to [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] page '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
*Updated and reformatted references and links to [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Added pages for [[Fort Ord National Monument]], [[Fort Ord Recreational Habitat Area (FORHA)]], [[Carmel Area State Parks Plan]], [[California Coastal Trail (CCT)]], [[Monterey Bay Sanctuary Scenic Trail Network]], [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]], and [[Environmental Planning Initiatives in California's Central Coast]] '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
* Added info about 5-year strategic plan to [[MPRPD]] '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
* Rearranged table on [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife - Central Region]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Created page for [[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]] and [[Big Sur Region]] '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
*Rearranged the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working]] page, specifically the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working#Ideas for the future|Ideas for the future]] section. Sections were reorganized and restructured so that pages that should be worked on sooner rather than later are at the top (i.e. [[BLM]] page, etc.) Added a section on the [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:ShortPages Short], [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:DeadendPages Dead-end], and [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:FewestRevisions Pages with the fewest revisions] special pages as it looks like a lot of sparse pages are listed here. '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
*Added new information to [[Conservation Easement]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
<br />
==Pages people updated in 2016:==<br />
<br />
* Update [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]] '''Phase 1: Alana'''<br />
* Update to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Leah''' <br />
* Update links and references for [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region]], edit [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]] '''Phase 1: Julia'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] and added a small description on [[slant wells]]: '''Phase 1:Steve'''<br />
* Update [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Kaitlyn'''<br />
* Update [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]] '''Phase 1: Kristen'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Bay Region]] and various cities in the region including but not limited to: [[Salinas]],[[Marina]],[[Salinas]],[[Watsonville]],[[City of King]] '''Phase 1: Kristen'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings - Priorities, Progress, and Documents]] '''Phase 1: Luna'''<br />
* Update [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] '''Phase 1: Gabriel'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2016:==<br />
<br />
* New pages on these organizations, and their activities in the region: [[Big Sur Land Trust]] '''Phase 2: Leah''', '''Phase 3: Julia'''<br />
* New pages on [[Sand Mining in the Central California Region]] and [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]], created outline for [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]'''Phase 2: Kristen''', '''Phase 3: Luna'''<br />
* New page with a map of the service areas of all the water providers in the southern Monterey Bay Region, with links to internal pages on each of the providers. [[Municipal Water Service Boundaries in Monterey]] '''Phase 2: Kaitlyn''', '''Phase 3: Gabe''' <br />
* New page on the [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]] led by BSLT '''Phase 2: Julia''', '''Phase 3: Leah'''<br />
* New pages on these organizations, and their activities in the region: [[Santa Lucia Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Alana''', '''Phase 3: Steve''' also worked with Alana on [[Land Trusts and Conservancies in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]] <br />
* [[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]] General Page: '''Phase 2: Steve''', '''Phase 3: Alana''' (plus major contribs to [[ESA]] page)<br />
* [[Special Status Species]] page filling in details. '''Phase 2: Gabriel''', '''Phase 3: Kristen''': [[Critical Habitat]]<br />
* New pages on [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]] '''Phase 2: Luna''', '''Phase 3: Kaitlyn'''<br />
<br />
== Minor new contribs 2016 (some possibly not listed) ==<br />
<br />
* Minor contribution to [[MCWD]] and [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]] pages '''Phase 2: Kaitlyn'''<br />
* Minor contributions to [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] page, specifically Stakeholders section '''Phase 2: Kristen'''<br />
* New page [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]] and edited [[California Coastal Commission]] '''Phase 2: Kristen'''<br />
* Created [[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District]], [[Tembladero Slough]] [[HEC-RAS]], [[United States Army Corp of Engineers]], [[California Red-legged frog]], [[Carmel River Steelhead Association]], [[Carmel River Lagoon Coalition]], [[100-year floodplain]], [[California Wildlife Conservation Board]] pages, added links to [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 2: Leah'''<br />
*Updates to [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver]], [[TMDL for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]], new page for [[Maps of Salinas Watershed]], Added links to and from all TMDL related pages, as well as links to and from all pages relating to coastal retreat and sand mining (too many pages to list here) '''Phase 2: Luna'''<br />
* Created [[Santa Lucia Preserve]], [[Land Trusts and Conservancies in California's Central Coast Region]], & [[Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer]] pages '''Phase II: Alana'''<br />
* Wrote [[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]] page '''Phase III: Alana & Steve'''<br />
* Minor pages: [[Conservation Easement]], [[Gabilan Mountains]], [[California Tiger Salamander]], [[Repetitive Loss Properties ]] '''Phase 3: Julia'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Need a page on the failed [[Regional Water Project]] '''Phase 2: Amelia'''<br />
* Need a page on the current [[Monterey Peninsula Water Project]] '''Phase 2: Dan'''<br />
* Need a proper page for [[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]], covering the basic function of the agency, and also its relationship to LAFCO issues, and the failed and current water supply projects '''Phase 2: Alex'''<br />
* Could add an issue page about how the [[MCWD]] boundary does not match the area it serves. This is a [[LAFCO]] issue. [http://www.mcwd.org MCWD Home Page]<br />
* Need a set of pages on [[Special Districts]]: (1) the overall concept, (2) the main ones in the [[Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2:Pat'''<br />
* Add a set of pages on [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]: '''Phase 2: Sarah'''<br />
* Add a page giving an overview of [[Recycled Water in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
* ...<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Could add a general page on [[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]], listing as an example the [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]] <br />
* Need a kind of disambiguation page listing all the major water "projects" like RWP, MPWP, SRDP, ...<br />
* Create a page for [[Salinas Valley Water Project (SVWP)]] with link to separate page on [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]] '''Phase 2:Pat'''<br />
* Basic page for the [[Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project (CSIP)]]<br />
* Basic page for some common technical tools and how/when/where they have been used in the [[Central Coast Region]], e.g.:<br />
** [[HEC-HMS]]<br />
** [[HEC-RAS]]<br />
* A basic list of [[Solar Farms in the Central Coast Region]] - existing and proposed<br />
..<br />
<br />
==Updates worked on in 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Could update status of [[Fort Ord HCP]] '''Phase 1: Dan'''<br />
* Add projects to big list of CEQA projects e.g.:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** Veteran's Cemetery IS/MND<br />
* Add firms to [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]] e.g.: '''Phase 1: Amelia'''<br />
** [http://www.ecorpconsulting.com/ ECORP]<br />
* Update the [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region|desal page]] in general; and also make sure it has links to the pages on [[Regional Water Project]] and [[Monterey Peninsula Water Project]]'''Phase 1: Sarah'''<br />
* Update these pages:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** [[Salinas River Diversion Facility]] '''Phase 1: Pat'''<br />
** [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]] '''Phase 1: Pat'''<br />
** Any pages with the facts behind [http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20150319/judge-monterey-county-water-agency-on-hook-for-ag-runoff this article] on [[MCWRA]]'s responsibility regarding water quality '''Phase 1: Alex'''<br />
* ...<br />
<br />
== Links to pages students want Fred to look at soon ==<br />
<br />
* [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]]<br />
* [[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]]<br />
*[[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
<br />
== Links to what you mostly worked on (2015) and a very brief summary of what you did ==<br />
<br />
* SF<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/expanded [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]] page<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** edited/expanded [[MCWD]]<br />
*** Added to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]]:<br />
**** Alta Planning & Design<br />
**** Dover-Kohl Partners<br />
**** Other planning firms like the above two?<br />
* PM<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/expanded [[Salinas River Stream Maintenance Program (SMP)]], created [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]] redirect page, edited/expanded [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]]<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Special Districts]] page, Wrote [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Regional Water Project]], edited [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
*** Updated this list of [[CEQA projects on the Central Coast]] with links to recent project pages that already exist on the wiki (like [[MPWSP]] etc.))<br />
*** Added links to specific project summary pages on CEQAnet from the individual CEQA project pages on the wiki, using the example I created on the [[MPWSP]] page where it says "SCH#" (look inside the link to see how it uses a "ProjectKey" that you can get fro the URL that CEQAnet gives you when you do a search), added links in text to CEQAnet project pages where EIR or CEQA documents were mentioned<br />
*** In the "Links" sections at the bottoms of each of the main CEQA "Project" pages, added a link to the list of [[CEQA projects on the Central Coast]] (if one was not already there)<br />
* AO<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/fixed dead links/added projects and environmental consulting firms to [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]] <br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Regional Water Project]] page and a brief description of [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
*** Edited and added to [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]] as emailed<br />
* DM<br />
** Phase 1: Fixed the dead links, edited [[Fort Ord HCP]], created page for [[Incidental Take Permits]] and [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]]<br />
**Phase 2: Wrote [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project]] page<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Special Districts]], [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
*** Added disclaimer on [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]] saying list is incomplete (had trouble finding the names of additional species but will keep looking):<br />
**** Needs to list more than just 'Listed' (T&E) species, and also include at least some non-T&E species e.g. 'Watch-Listed' species - if not all of them, then some of them and an indication of "Other species not yet listed here".<br />
**** Needs to link to the SPAnimals.pdf list from March 2015 (on CDFW web site)<br />
**** Needs to link to any references that say things like "There are 35 Special Status Species on former Fort Ord"<br />
**** Needs to link to relevant pages containing words like "Species" or "Fort Ord" in their title.<br />
* AH<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/rewrote/fixed dead links in [[Monterey_Coastkeeper|Monterey Coastkeeper]] page. Added info to the [[California_Coastkeeper_Alliance|California Coastkeeper Alliance]] page.<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote/working on [[Marina_Coast_Water_District|Marina Coast Water District]] (MCWD) page.<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project]] - ''made grammatical corrections, changed reference links at bottom of page to a name that indicates what to expect when clicked, added a map showing the MPWSP project area, added some hot links within text''<br />
*** [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]] - add 'Links' section, and link to any pages in the wiki that relate to ITPs (do a search) e.g. the Fort Ord HCP. Maybe update the references so that the text that appears is an indication of what to expect if you clicked the link (as opposed to a garbled URL). ''Changed reference links at the bottom to the name of the page, added links section at bottom of page and put links in, minor edits in text.''<br />
*** Flesh these two pages out a tiny bit (mainly by adding a summary sentence or two; and maybe a map of the MRWPCA site showing both plants): [[Salinas Valley Reclamation Plant (SVRP)]] and [[Regional Treatment Plant (RTP)]]. ''Added brief text summarizing SVRP, added brief text summarizing RTP, added map to RTP page. ''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2014:==<br />
<br />
* [[GW Replenishment project]]<br />
* [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Regulatory Agencies in the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Desalination in the Central Coast| Desal]]<br />
* [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]]<br />
* [[Special Status Species of the Central Coast]]<br />
** What are prominent SS species in our region<br />
***[[Special Status Animals on the Central Coast]]<br />
***[[Special Status Plants on the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[California Natural Diversity Database|CNDDB]]<br />
* [[Fort Ord HCP]]<br />
* [[Water supply for underserved, marginalized communities of the Salinas Valley]]<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2014:==<br />
<br />
* Aquifer<br />
** [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Seaside Groundwater Basin]]<br />
* [[Watershed]]<br />
** [[San Lorenzo River]]<br />
* [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]]<br />
* [[City of Salinas Treatment Plant]]<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]]<br />
* [[Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency]]<br />
* [[City of Marina]]<br />
* [[City of King]]<br />
* [[The Molera Wetland]]<br />
* [[Endangered species]]<br />
* [[Natural Community Conservation Planning Act]]<br />
* [[Salinas River Diversion Facility]]<br />
* [[California Endangered Species Act]]<br />
* [[Templates]]<br />
**[[Species Template]]<br />
**[[Stub Pages]]<br />
* [[Monterey-Pacific Grove ASBS Stormwater Management Project]]<br />
* [[Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)]]<br />
* [[Blanco Drain]]<br />
* [[MRWPCA Regional Treatment Plant]]<br />
<br />
==Updates worked on in 2014:==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
* [[Approaches to TMDL Development and Implementation in the Monterey Bay Area]]<br />
* [[Los Padres Reservoir Capacity Issues]]<br />
* [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]]<br />
* [[Urban storm water management in the City of Santa Cruz]]<br />
** [[San Lorenzo River Flood Control and Restoration Improvement Project]]<br />
* [[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
* [[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* [[Steelhead]]<br />
* [[Riparian habitats as wildlife corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
*[[Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
*[[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
*[[Gabilan Range]]<br />
*[[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
<br />
==Leftover ideas after 2014:==<br />
<br />
* Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP)<br />
** Who they are<br />
** What they do<br />
** Who are members<br />
** Student chapter<br />
** Recent events<br />
* PG Diversion project & DEIR<br />
* Hollister Hills - site summary<br />
* Page on all the water providers in the Monterey Bay Region - the biggies (like Cal Am), and all the teeny weird ones you never heard of (like Seaside Muni). Needs a good set of maps.<br />
*Other:<br />
** Water Supply for the Cal Am service area (focus on current impediments to the proposed portfolio approach)<br />
** Water metering as a means of understanding agricultural water use. <br />
** Understanding "water policy cycles"---Water supply and Policies that are viable in drought years, but untenable in years of plenty (new big dams in CA, etc).<br />
** Impacts of the new Salinas River channel maintenance program. <br />
** Movement toward public takeover of Cal Am water supply system. <br />
** Is there a physical inventory of extant groundwater resources to fuel existing (or proposed) Fort Ord reuse plans. This could be a close scrutiny of the Monterey Downs EIR.<br />
** How does the planned desal impact Fort Ord reuse?<br />
** Potential water use projects that would secure the now tenuous MCWRA rights to about 168,000 af/yr of Salinas Valley water.<br />
** When new subdivisions are permitted, they must demonstrate a sustainable water supply. Apparently, that approach is flawed, since many areas are in overdraft. What are the minimum criteria for demonstrating "sustainable" water supply and why does it fail in many cases?<br />
<br />
==Leftover ideas after 2013:==<br />
* CEQA<br />
** CEQA approaches to each of the main CEQA areas:<br />
*** Visual / aesthetic<br />
*** Transport<br />
*** Wetlands<br />
*** etc.<br />
** Firms that do CEQA, tabulated by project, role, specialty, client etc.<br />
* Land use planning in Central Coast<br />
** County General Plan<br />
** County Long-Range Development Plan<br />
** Marina General Plan<br />
** Seaside General Plan<br />
** AMBAG Metropolitan Transportation Plan<br />
** TAMC Regional Transportation Plan<br />
** <br />
** Former CA-led County Redevelopment Agencies and new 'Successor' agencies.<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
*** BRAC / Fort Ord Cleanup<br />
*** History of consistency determinations made with respect to Fort Ord Reuse Plan<br />
* Viewshed policy (county critical viewshed, approaches taken in CEQA projects)<br />
* Water rights - How do water rights work?<br />
** e.g. for projects in CEQA right now (Ferrini, Downs)<br />
* Drainage studies<br />
** e.g. Canyon del Rey and current contract to Balance & Whitson<br />
* Ag Waiver & TMDLs:<br />
** Can always use more updating with new developments<br />
* Stakeholder pages:<br />
** Marina Coast Water District, e.g. its role in Fort Ord re-use<br />
** MPWMD, e.g. its role in Canyon del Rey drainage study update<br />
** TAMC<br />
** AMBAG<br />
*Specific Watersheds<br />
* Wildlife:<br />
** Wildlife habitat corridor planning - State-level efforts, Regional effort led by CalTrans, Local survey led by BSLT, ...<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student's work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu CSUMB], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems_-_WorkingENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working2019-04-03T23:24:17Z<p>StefanieK: /* Minor contribs in 2019 */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a working area for the [[ENVS 560]] class.<br />
<br />
== Lists to keep up to date==<br />
<br />
Don't forget to make sure all major 'issue' and 'summary' pages are listed in one of the site [[Contents]] pages.<br />
<br />
== Ideas for the future ==<br />
<br />
* Check and move all items from [[ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems|the list on this page]] to [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|this page]] or [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California|this page]]. Ultimately, we DON'T want to have a list on the 560 page.<br />
* Check what we have on mitigation banking (e.g. 2 CalTrans banks in our region - at Carmel Lagoon & at Elkhorn Slough)<br />
* Check what we have on who can hold cons easements (e.g. BSLT has applied to be able to do this)<br />
<br />
===New pages & major updates===<br />
<br />
* A page on models used in Env Mgt in the Central Coast, and a page on each model (including links to projects where it has been used). Include models like:<br />
** [[HEC-RAS]]<br />
** [[HEC-HMS]]<br />
** [[SVIGSM]]<br />
** [[MODFLOW]]<br />
<br />
* Flesh out this page: [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* A page on [[Monterey County Civil Grand Jury]] and some of the key things it's done<br />
* A page on RCDs, and add RCDs to examples of "Special Districts"<br />
* A page explaining the basic concept of 'water rights' and listing the local issues that are relevant to it (e.g. Seawater Intrusion, Urban Development, ...)<br />
<br />
'''Fill in pages that have been created on this wiki but are empty or mostly empty'''<br />
* Flesh out pages on these organizations and what they do in the CC region:<br />
** [[BLM]]. A functional [[BLM]] wikipage is something that could greatly help round out this wiki. A '''lot''' of existing wikipages link back to the currently empty BLM or relate to the BLM in some way. Might be something seriously worth considering as a "phase 2" project for 2019. <br />
** [[USFS]]<br />
** [[MPRPD]]<br />
** [[RCDMC]]<br />
** [[USFWS]]<br />
** [[CNPS]]<br />
** [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS) Rare Plant Ranking System]]<br />
* A list of major ecosystem types of the region, with links to pages on each, and with each page including a section on policy surrounding that ecosystem e.g. :<br />
** [[Coastal Oak Woodland]]<br />
** [[Maritime Chaparral]]<br />
** [[Coastal Dune Scrub]]<br />
** [[Annual Grassland]]<br />
** [[Vernal Pools]]<br />
** [[Coastal Redwood Forest]]<br />
** [[Monterey Pine Forest]]<br />
** The overall ecosystems page would look something like the page on [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]] except with one link for each habitat wiki.<br />
** Individual ecosystem pages would be like the existing page/s relating to [[Oak Woodland]]<br />
* Add pages on energy issues in the California Central coast, like '''fracking''', etc...<br />
* Flesh out the page on [[National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)]] (a bit like we've already done for the [[CEQA]] page). Specifically, include things like EIS, FONSI, CATEX, Section 7 consultations. Also include examples of prominent projects whose environmental impacts have primarily been addressed through NEPA (as opposed to CEQA), e.g. California Valley Solar, and probably a bunch of federal UXO actions on Ft Ord.<br />
* Page on [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]] otherwise known as [[2081]] permits<br />
** Needs to be related to this page [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast Region]], which might need a split or a name change to make it more general and less specific about 'restoration'<br />
** Separate new page listing major or exemplary [[ITPs]] in the region<br />
* Develop pages regarding [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]]:<br />
** [[Fort Ord National Monument]]<br />
** [[Fort Ord Recreational Habitat Area (FORHA)]]<br />
** [[Carmel Area State Park General Plan (CASP GP)]]<br />
** [[California Coastal Trail (CCT)]]<br />
** [[Monterey Bay Sanctuary Scenic Trail Network]]<br />
* Page on EIRs, probably small, leaving most of the heavy lifting to the various [[CEQA]] pages<br />
* New page on the effort to create a groundwater sustainability agency for the Salinas Valley<br />
* New page on [[Water Supply Issues on the Former Fort Ord]]<br />
* New page on the former [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
* Develop the [[California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)]] page to include a list of major points where CPUC has exerted influence on projects in the southern Monterey Monterey Bay region.<br />
* Pages on some specific [[Special Status Species]], including things basic life history and distribution, but mainly focusing on relevance to environmental management i.e. how their protection relates to various projects e.g. Snowy Plover, and its relationship with [[SVWSP]] and [[The Collection at Monterey Bay]] etc.<br />
* New page on [[Wildlife Connectivity in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Would need to integrate with the existing pages on [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] and [[Wildlife Corridor]]<br />
** Things to include<br />
*** Work done by Pathways for Wildlife<br />
*** Work to be done by [[FORA]] and Dudek on oak woodland connectivity<br />
*** Recent statewide analysis funded by CalTrans - included mapping of Central Coast region<br />
*** Work led by [[TNC]]<br />
* Pages on Easements, and specifically Conservation Easements, and more-specifically, major Conservation Easements held in the region.<br />
* New page on [[Canyon Del Rey Watershed]] and [[Maps of Canyon Del Rey Watershed]]<br />
* New page on [[CCWQPI monitoring results and reporting]]<br />
* New page on [[Urban stormwater regulations applicable to California's Central Coast region]]<br />
* New page on [[CEQA and California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* New page on [[Integrated Regional Water Management in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* A page on [[Recovery Plans]] under the [[ESA]] (listing ones that are being or have been developed in the Central Coast)<br />
* Flesh out the 'Watch-Listed' category on the [[Special Status Species]] page (perhaps with a new page). Give local examples (e.g. some birds), and show how species get on this list (some specific analyses of CBC and BBS trends by one or two NGOs).<br />
* Summarize local examples (e.g. from actual local EIRs) of how various [[Special Status Species]] designations have been recognized and heeded. e.g. in what cases have 'Watch Listed' species been identified in an [[EIR]] or [[IS/MND]], and what was the consequence of this?<br />
<br />
'''Fill in or create pages regarding key regions or location of interest along the Californian Central Coast'''<br />
* New page on [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS)]]<br />
* Page on [[The Big Sur River Watershed]]<br />
* New pages on [[City of Seaside]], [[City of Monterey]], [[City of Pacific Grove]], [[Pebble Beach]], [[Carmel]], [[Carmel Highlands]], [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], and [[Carmel Valley]].<br />
* Flesh out [[Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Region (Basin Plan)]]<br />
* This page is out of date: [[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]<br />
<br />
=== Short, dead-end, and pages with the fewest revisions ===<br />
<br />
A good place to look for pages that could potentially need beefing up is under the [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:SpecialPages Special Pages] section of this wiki. Specifically, look under:<br />
<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:ShortPages Short pages]<br />
**Lists pages that could use some beefing up. Some pages look like they aren't relevant to the wiki, but others do (i.e. [[Point source pollution]], [[California Energy Commission]], and many more).<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:DeadendPages Dead-end pages]<br />
**These pages do not link to other pages in the CCoWS Wiki (which is something we want to avoid. We want the wiki pages to be as interconnected as possible). Probably means that these pages are undereveloped, too...<br />
***It would be wise to look through these and add links to other wikis if applicable.<br />
*[http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:FewestRevisions Pages with the fewest revisions]<br />
**Also a good place to look for pages that need some minor to major revisions (for example, the [[California Natural Resources Agency]] and [[California Tiger Salamander]], and pages are listed here.)<br />
**This is also an '''excellent''' place to look for pages that could potentially be part of your '''Phase 1''' assignment. Some of these pages appear to be moderately fleshed out but have few revisions <br />
<br />
Be wary though, looks like some of these pages could be redirected to other beefed up pages. Use the search bar to make sure you aren't re-writing information that already exists.<br />
<br />
===Minor to moderate updates===<br />
<br />
* Capture the projects, consultants, and models used in [http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/major/EPB%20and%20Scenic%20Road%20Protection/Feas%20Rpt%20-%20Final%20Tech%20Rpts%20(geology%20hydrology%20biology).pdf this report] on the Carmel Lagoon Ecosystem Protective Barrier<br />
<br />
* Add [http://acshabitat.com/] to firms working in our region. They do hab management for Naval Support Activity Monterey in the dunes area.<br />
<br />
* Update the pages relating to major current water projects i.e.:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]] - / Pure Water Monterey - lots has probably happened since last page update<br />
<br />
* Add firms and projects to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]]:<br />
** Firms:<br />
*** Firms involved with the CSUMB Master Plan Update (In 2016 added some new firms- more firms may have done work on this plan)<br />
*** Firms involved with Seaside General Plan update - Raimi etc.<br />
<br />
*Add more to:<br />
** [[Invasive Species of California]]<br />
** [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]]<br />
** [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] - summarize the RESULTS of the slant well test, and the controversy since those results<br />
** [[Big Sur Region]]<br />
** Individual pages on counties and cities listed [[California's Central Coast Region|here]]. Make sure links are added to all pages! <br />
**[[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District (MPRPD)]]<br />
<br />
* Restructure:<br />
** The summary on this page isn't really a "summary": [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]]<br />
** This page is bit disorganized. It is supposed to address progress SINCE the adoption of the TMDL, but instead it focuses mainly on plans made during adoption of the TMDL: [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]]<br />
* Split the [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] page into two pages - one on intrusion, and the other on [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]].<br />
<br />
* Add basic disclaimer etc to any wikis lacking it<br />
<br />
===More ideas from Doug===<br />
<br />
*Regional water and [[Desalination in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Balanced view of the current desal options.<br />
** Decision making process about selecting a desal provider<br />
** Current thoughts on cost to rate payers<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] removal<br />
** update--dam is down---river is constructed--before and after monitoring of impacts is ongoing. There are some pre-removal datasets to link to.<br />
* Status of county's response to new State Groundwater Monitoring regs. Compare to other parts of the state?<br />
* Get a list of the planned urban development for the next ten years in the CalAm service area and assess the water consumption of those developments.<br />
* Follow up on Big Sur Watershed management plan as a case study in that kind of public process...what kinds of projects were implemented or are planned as a result of that document. What is the process for getting improvement projects funded? Does the current watershed management planning process work? What is the status of the Carmel watershed management planning process?<br />
* Issues around los padres Dam.<br />
* Progress on the nacitone tunnel.<br />
<br />
== Pages people are updating in 2019 ==<br />
<br />
* [[Invasive Species of California]] '''Phase 1: Andrew C'''<br />
* [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Special Status Animals in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: John W'''<br />
* [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Seawater Intrusion in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Joey K'''<br />
* removed "Aquifer" and "Aquifers of the Central Coast" for [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
** removed "groundwater" contradictory references for [[Groundwater topics in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
** Wrote brief page for [[Carmel Valley Aquifer]] '''Phase 2: Michael G'''<br />
*[[Trout Unlimited]] Added pertinent information, changed incorrect statements, and removed or replaced 2 dead links. '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs in 2019==<br />
<br />
* [[Invasive Plants of the Central Coast]] '''Phase 2: Ruby KD'''<br />
* [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]] '''Phase 2: Andrew C'''<br />
* [[Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC)]] '''Phase 2: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Stefanie K'''<br />
* [[Monterey Pine Forest]] '''Phase 2: John W'''<br />
* [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA)]] '''Phase 2: Michael Gennaro'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]] '''Phase 2: Joey K'''<br />
<br />
==Minor contribs in 2019==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
* Sand Mining. Provided news articles pertaining to the CEMEX operation since Mar 16, 2016. Fixed two article lines: Santa Cruz Sentinel Mar 21, 2016 and Monterey Herald Aug 26, 2013. Provided four bullets on how the CEMEX plant is conflicting with the Coastal Act, referencing a new source, 2017 memo by the California Coastal Commission. Flushed out Systems and Processes, Resources at Stake. Under Resources, added sensitive plant species known to occur on CEMEX property. Reorganized page. Added images. Added a section on Settlement Agreement. Flushed out all sections. Added section on Permit history. '''Phase 1 RubyKD'''<br />
* Fixed broken link to City of Marina under Local Coastal Programs within the Central Coast Area, under wiki page Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region. '''Phase 1 RubyKD'''<br />
* created the page for [[Salinas Valley]]. One sentence general description to establish this page. '''Phase 1 StefanieK'''<br />
* Fixed some grammar and added links where links were broken or not present in [[Invasive Species of California]]. Added more species to the different groups, and added more information to the existing group. Linked [[Invasive Species of California]] to [[Invasive Invertebrates of the Central Coast]] where necessary. '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
* Fixed incorrect information in [[Trout Unlimited]] and fixed several dead links. Removed information I couldn't find a link for ( a specific article citing a specific event). '''Phase 1 AndrewC'''<br />
* Special Status Animals. Added proposed/under review species Monarch, Foothill YLF, WPT. '''Phase 1 RKD'''<br />
* [[Groundwater overdraft in California's Central Coast Region]] - lead-in sentence and added to list. Stefanie K. Phase 1.<br />
* [[Seawater Intrusion in the California Central Coast Region]]- lead-in sentence. Stefanie K. Phase 1.<br />
* [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]] - updated RCD section. Stefanie K. Phase 1.<br />
* [[USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]] - adding links and updates related to RCDs. Stefanie K. Phase 1.<br />
<br />
==Pages people are updating in 2018==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Special Status Animals in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[ESNERR]] and a little bit on [[Elkhorn Slough]] '''Phase 1: Kat H'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Bethany'''<br />
* [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]] '''Phase 1: Emily W'''<br />
* [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Monterey Bay Region]] '''Phase 1: Arev'''<br />
* [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 1: Michael'''<br />
* [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Cory'''<br />
* [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] - add articles '''Phase 1: Jessie '''<br />
* [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] - fixed links '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Pajaro Valley Groundwater Overdraft Concerns]] '''Phase 1: Jessie '''<br />
* [[Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA)]] - added picture '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] '''Phase 1: Zane'''<br />
* [[Slant wells|slant intake wells]] '''Phase 1: Zane'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs in 2018==<br />
<br />
* [[California Coastal Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
*[[The Nature Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
* [[Trout Unlimited]] '''Phase 2: Jessie '''. '''Phase 3: Michael'''<br />
* [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]] '''Phase 2: Jessie'''. '''Phase 3: Michael'''<br />
* [[Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Non-Profit Organizations in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany. Phase 3: Emily'''<br />
* [[Monterey One Water]] '''Phase 2: Zane'''. '''Phase 3: Jessie'''<br />
* [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Arev'''. '''Phase 3: Zane'''<br />
* [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Regulation in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Amanda P'''. '''Phase 3: Rahil'''<br />
* [[California Department of Parks and Recreation]] '''Phase 2: Emily W'''. '''Phase 3: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[Pajaro River]]'''Phase 2: Emily W'''. '''Phase 3: Amanda P'''<br />
* [[Monterey County]];Added image to [[Monterey County Resource Management Agency (RMA)]] ''' Phase 2: Rahil''', '''Phase 3: Bethany'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District]] '''Phase 2: Cory'''. '''Phase 3: Kat H'''<br />
* [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]] '''Phase 2: Michael'''. '''Phase 3: Arev'''<br />
*Adding to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] and spinoff page [[Environmental Consultants in Central California by Project Area]] '''Phase 2: Kat H,''' '''Phase 3: Cory'''<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2018 (not mandatory, but list 'em here if you make 'em):==<br />
<br />
*created the [[Water providers in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Andrew Molera State Park]], [[Pacific Grove Local Water Project (PGLWP)]], [[Smolt]], [[Striped Bass]], [[City of Paso Robles]], [[Santa Ana winds]], [[HEC-HMS]],,, [[California Natural Resource Agency]], [[California Coastal Trail]] page '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
*redirect Los Padres to [[Los Padres Dam]], TU to [[Trout Unlimited]], CRSA to [[Carmel River Steelhead Association (CRSA)]]'''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* updates to wildfires on [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] '''Phase 1: Jessie'''<br />
* updated links to [[Watershed Issues on the Central Coast of California]] and [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California]] '''Phase 1: Rahil'''<br />
*[[Lobos-Corona Parklands Project]] '''Cory'''<br />
*Fix broken links and updates to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Cory'''<br />
* [[The 303d list of Impaired Waterbodies in the Central Coast Region (R3)]] '''Phase 1: Arev''' [[Resource Conservation District, Monterey County (RCDMC)]] '''Phase 2: Arev'''; [[State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)]] '''Phase 3: Arev'''<br />
*Redirect ''[[Arundo donax]]'' to [[Arundo donax in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Redirect [[Wildfire]] to [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Redirect [[Sand Mining]] to [[Sand Mining in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Bethany'''<br />
*Added towns and cities to [[California's Central Coast Region]] '''Emily'''<br />
*Redirect [[Big Sur]] to [[Big Sur Region]] '''Phase 3: Bethany'''<br />
<br />
==Pages people are updating in 2017:==<br />
<br />
* [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]] '''Phase 1: Nikki'''<br />
* [[Riparian corridors in the California Central Coast Region]] and [[Wildlife Corridor]] '''Phase 1: Magnolia'''<br />
* [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Lizzy'''<br />
* [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]] '''Phase 1: Cynthia'''<br />
*[[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 1: Shawnte'''<br />
* [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Tiffanee'''<br />
* Update maps in [[Maps of the Carmel River Watershed]] '''Phase 1: Nikki'''<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]]:include new EIR '''Phase 1: Anna'''<br />
*[[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]] '''Phase 1: Matt'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2017:==<br />
<br />
* New page on proposed [[Fort Ord Rec Trail and Greenway (FORTAG)]] '''Phase 2: Nikki''' '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
<br />
* Fill in page on [[Clean Water Act]] '''Phase 2: Shawnte''' '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] and [[Central Region Department of Fish and Wildlife]] '''Phase 2: Matt and Tiffanee''', '''Phase 3: Shawnte - California DFW page, Nikki - Central Region DFW page'''<br />
<br />
* Fill in page on [[Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia''', '''Phase 3: Anna'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[Soberanes Fire]] '''Phase 2: Magnolia''', '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[History of Major Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Lizzy''', '''Phase 3: Matt''', '''Phase 3: Lizzy, after Matt's edits'''<br />
<br />
* New page on [[Los Osos Groundwater Basin and Sewer]] '''Phase 2: Anna''' '''Phase 3: Tiffanee'''<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Phase 3: Nikki''' reads new pages for grammar and style<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2017 (not mandatory, but list 'em here if you make 'em):==<br />
<br />
* Basic details added to [[Santa Lucia Range]], [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], [[Gabilan Range]]/[[Gabilan Mountains]] '''Phase 1: Magnolia'''<br />
* Minor contribution to [[TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]] '''Phase 2: Shawnte'''<br />
* New page started for [[Technical Tools used in Environmental Science and Management within California's Central Coast Region]] to connect [[Tarsier]] pages. '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
* Tiny page created for [[Ramorum Blight]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Link added to [[Oak Woodlands of California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Cynthia'''<br />
* minor update to[[Slant wells]]'''Phase 1: Anna'''<br />
* connected several links on [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region|fire]] pages, [[Clean Water Act|CWA]] pages, cleaned up various [[Regulatory Agencies in the Central Coast Region|agency]] pages. '''Phase 3: Magnolia'''<br />
* addition of American water to [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]]'''Phase 1: Anna<br />
*Added county names to [[California's Central Coast Region]] page '''Phase 2: Lizzy'''<br />
*Added blank pages for [[California Chaparral]], [[Santa Ana winds]], [[Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)]] '''Phase 2: Lizzy'''<br />
* Start new page on [[Public land jurisdictions in the Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Nikki'''<br />
* Add page on [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS)]] '''Phase 2: Magnolia''' '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Add page on [[California Native Plant Society (CNPS) Rare Plant Ranking System]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* Add page on [[Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2: Cynthia'''<br />
* added simple pages for [[Zaca Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Kirk Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Rat Creek - Gorda Complex Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Marble Cone Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]], and made [[Basin-Indians Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] and [[Soberanes Wildfire in California's Central Coast Region]] specific to each wildfire (moved general wildfire info to [[Fire issues in California's Central Coast Region]]) '''Phase 3: Matt'''<br />
*Created a page for the [[California Environmental Quality Act]] and linked it to the [[CEQA Overview]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Added links to fire names to [[Wildfires in the Central Coast Region]] page '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
*Updated and reformatted references and links to [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Added pages for [[Fort Ord National Monument]], [[Fort Ord Recreational Habitat Area (FORHA)]], [[Carmel Area State Parks Plan]], [[California Coastal Trail (CCT)]], [[Monterey Bay Sanctuary Scenic Trail Network]], [[Recreational Planning Initiatives in the California Central Coast]], and [[Environmental Planning Initiatives in California's Central Coast]] '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
* Added info about 5-year strategic plan to [[MPRPD]] '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
* Rearranged table on [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife - Central Region]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
*Created page for [[City of Carmel-by-the-Sea]] and [[Big Sur Region]] '''Phase 3: Lizzy'''<br />
*Rearranged the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working]] page, specifically the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems - Working#Ideas for the future|Ideas for the future]] section. Sections were reorganized and restructured so that pages that should be worked on sooner rather than later are at the top (i.e. [[BLM]] page, etc.) Added a section on the [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:ShortPages Short], [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:DeadendPages Dead-end], and [http://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/Special:FewestRevisions Pages with the fewest revisions] special pages as it looks like a lot of sparse pages are listed here. '''Phase 3: Cynthia'''<br />
*Added new information to [[Conservation Easement]] '''Phase 3: Shawnte'''<br />
<br />
==Pages people updated in 2016:==<br />
<br />
* Update [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]] '''Phase 1: Alana'''<br />
* Update to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 1: Leah''' <br />
* Update links and references for [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region]], edit [[CalAm Use of Carmel River Groundwater Basin]] '''Phase 1: Julia'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (MPWSP)]] and added a small description on [[slant wells]]: '''Phase 1:Steve'''<br />
* Update [[San Clemente Dam]] '''Phase 1: Kaitlyn'''<br />
* Update [[California Central Coast Gage Locations]] '''Phase 1: Kristen'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Bay Region]] and various cities in the region including but not limited to: [[Salinas]],[[Marina]],[[Salinas]],[[Watsonville]],[[City of King]] '''Phase 1: Kristen'''<br />
* Update [[Monterey Bay Area TMDL Listings - Priorities, Progress, and Documents]] '''Phase 1: Luna'''<br />
* Update [[Salinas Valley Seawater Intrusion]] '''Phase 1: Gabriel'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2016:==<br />
<br />
* New pages on these organizations, and their activities in the region: [[Big Sur Land Trust]] '''Phase 2: Leah''', '''Phase 3: Julia'''<br />
* New pages on [[Sand Mining in the Central California Region]] and [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]], created outline for [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region]]'''Phase 2: Kristen''', '''Phase 3: Luna'''<br />
* New page with a map of the service areas of all the water providers in the southern Monterey Bay Region, with links to internal pages on each of the providers. [[Municipal Water Service Boundaries in Monterey]] '''Phase 2: Kaitlyn''', '''Phase 3: Gabe''' <br />
* New page on the [[Carmel River Floodplain Restoration and Environmental Enhancement (Carmel River FREE) Project]] led by BSLT '''Phase 2: Julia''', '''Phase 3: Leah'''<br />
* New pages on these organizations, and their activities in the region: [[Santa Lucia Conservancy]] '''Phase 2: Alana''', '''Phase 3: Steve''' also worked with Alana on [[Land Trusts and Conservancies in California's Central Coast Region]], [[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]] <br />
* [[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]] General Page: '''Phase 2: Steve''', '''Phase 3: Alana''' (plus major contribs to [[ESA]] page)<br />
* [[Special Status Species]] page filling in details. '''Phase 2: Gabriel''', '''Phase 3: Kristen''': [[Critical Habitat]]<br />
* New pages on [[Lower Salinas River Watershed Nutrient TMDL - Implementation and Monitoring Progress]] '''Phase 2: Luna''', '''Phase 3: Kaitlyn'''<br />
<br />
== Minor new contribs 2016 (some possibly not listed) ==<br />
<br />
* Minor contribution to [[MCWD]] and [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]] pages '''Phase 2: Kaitlyn'''<br />
* Minor contributions to [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] page, specifically Stakeholders section '''Phase 2: Kristen'''<br />
* New page [[Local Coastal Programs in California's Central Coast Region]] and edited [[California Coastal Commission]] '''Phase 2: Kristen'''<br />
* Created [[Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District]], [[Tembladero Slough]] [[HEC-RAS]], [[United States Army Corp of Engineers]], [[California Red-legged frog]], [[Carmel River Steelhead Association]], [[Carmel River Lagoon Coalition]], [[100-year floodplain]], [[California Wildlife Conservation Board]] pages, added links to [[Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park]] '''Phase 2: Leah'''<br />
*Updates to [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver]], [[TMDL for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]], new page for [[Maps of Salinas Watershed]], Added links to and from all TMDL related pages, as well as links to and from all pages relating to coastal retreat and sand mining (too many pages to list here) '''Phase 2: Luna'''<br />
* Created [[Santa Lucia Preserve]], [[Land Trusts and Conservancies in California's Central Coast Region]], & [[Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer]] pages '''Phase II: Alana'''<br />
* Wrote [[Endangered Species Act (ESA)]] page '''Phase III: Alana & Steve'''<br />
* Minor pages: [[Conservation Easement]], [[Gabilan Mountains]], [[California Tiger Salamander]], [[Repetitive Loss Properties ]] '''Phase 3: Julia'''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Need a page on the failed [[Regional Water Project]] '''Phase 2: Amelia'''<br />
* Need a page on the current [[Monterey Peninsula Water Project]] '''Phase 2: Dan'''<br />
* Need a proper page for [[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]], covering the basic function of the agency, and also its relationship to LAFCO issues, and the failed and current water supply projects '''Phase 2: Alex'''<br />
* Could add an issue page about how the [[MCWD]] boundary does not match the area it serves. This is a [[LAFCO]] issue. [http://www.mcwd.org MCWD Home Page]<br />
* Need a set of pages on [[Special Districts]]: (1) the overall concept, (2) the main ones in the [[Central Coast Region]] '''Phase 2:Pat'''<br />
* Add a set of pages on [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]: '''Phase 2: Sarah'''<br />
* Add a page giving an overview of [[Recycled Water in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
* ...<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Could add a general page on [[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]], listing as an example the [[Fort Ord Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)]] <br />
* Need a kind of disambiguation page listing all the major water "projects" like RWP, MPWP, SRDP, ...<br />
* Create a page for [[Salinas Valley Water Project (SVWP)]] with link to separate page on [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]] '''Phase 2:Pat'''<br />
* Basic page for the [[Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project (CSIP)]]<br />
* Basic page for some common technical tools and how/when/where they have been used in the [[Central Coast Region]], e.g.:<br />
** [[HEC-HMS]]<br />
** [[HEC-RAS]]<br />
* A basic list of [[Solar Farms in the Central Coast Region]] - existing and proposed<br />
..<br />
<br />
==Updates worked on in 2015:==<br />
<br />
* Could update status of [[Fort Ord HCP]] '''Phase 1: Dan'''<br />
* Add projects to big list of CEQA projects e.g.:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** Veteran's Cemetery IS/MND<br />
* Add firms to [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]] e.g.: '''Phase 1: Amelia'''<br />
** [http://www.ecorpconsulting.com/ ECORP]<br />
* Update the [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region|desal page]] in general; and also make sure it has links to the pages on [[Regional Water Project]] and [[Monterey Peninsula Water Project]]'''Phase 1: Sarah'''<br />
* Update these pages:<br />
** [[Monterey Peninsula Groundwater Replenishment Project]]<br />
** [[Salinas River Diversion Facility]] '''Phase 1: Pat'''<br />
** [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]] '''Phase 1: Pat'''<br />
** Any pages with the facts behind [http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20150319/judge-monterey-county-water-agency-on-hook-for-ag-runoff this article] on [[MCWRA]]'s responsibility regarding water quality '''Phase 1: Alex'''<br />
* ...<br />
<br />
== Links to pages students want Fred to look at soon ==<br />
<br />
* [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
* [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]]<br />
* [[Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)]]<br />
*[[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
<br />
== Links to what you mostly worked on (2015) and a very brief summary of what you did ==<br />
<br />
* SF<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/expanded [[Desalination in the Central Coast Region]]<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]] page<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** edited/expanded [[MCWD]]<br />
*** Added to [[List of Environmental Consultants working in the California Central Coast Region]]:<br />
**** Alta Planning & Design<br />
**** Dover-Kohl Partners<br />
**** Other planning firms like the above two?<br />
* PM<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/expanded [[Salinas River Stream Maintenance Program (SMP)]], created [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]] redirect page, edited/expanded [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]]<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Special Districts]] page, Wrote [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Regional Water Project]], edited [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
*** Updated this list of [[CEQA projects on the Central Coast]] with links to recent project pages that already exist on the wiki (like [[MPWSP]] etc.))<br />
*** Added links to specific project summary pages on CEQAnet from the individual CEQA project pages on the wiki, using the example I created on the [[MPWSP]] page where it says "SCH#" (look inside the link to see how it uses a "ProjectKey" that you can get fro the URL that CEQAnet gives you when you do a search), added links in text to CEQAnet project pages where EIR or CEQA documents were mentioned<br />
*** In the "Links" sections at the bottoms of each of the main CEQA "Project" pages, added a link to the list of [[CEQA projects on the Central Coast]] (if one was not already there)<br />
* AO<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/fixed dead links/added projects and environmental consulting firms to [[List of Environmental Consultants in the Central Coast Area]] <br />
** Phase 2: Wrote [[Regional Water Project]] page and a brief description of [[Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP)]]<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Public Finance in California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
*** Edited and added to [[Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF)]] as emailed<br />
* DM<br />
** Phase 1: Fixed the dead links, edited [[Fort Ord HCP]], created page for [[Incidental Take Permits]] and [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]]<br />
**Phase 2: Wrote [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project]] page<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** Edited [[Special Districts]], [[List of Special Districts in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
*** Added disclaimer on [[Special Status Species Within Fort Ord]] saying list is incomplete (had trouble finding the names of additional species but will keep looking):<br />
**** Needs to list more than just 'Listed' (T&E) species, and also include at least some non-T&E species e.g. 'Watch-Listed' species - if not all of them, then some of them and an indication of "Other species not yet listed here".<br />
**** Needs to link to the SPAnimals.pdf list from March 2015 (on CDFW web site)<br />
**** Needs to link to any references that say things like "There are 35 Special Status Species on former Fort Ord"<br />
**** Needs to link to relevant pages containing words like "Species" or "Fort Ord" in their title.<br />
* AH<br />
** Phase 1: Edited/rewrote/fixed dead links in [[Monterey_Coastkeeper|Monterey Coastkeeper]] page. Added info to the [[California_Coastkeeper_Alliance|California Coastkeeper Alliance]] page.<br />
** Phase 2: Wrote/working on [[Marina_Coast_Water_District|Marina Coast Water District]] (MCWD) page.<br />
** Phase 3:<br />
*** [[Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project]] - ''made grammatical corrections, changed reference links at bottom of page to a name that indicates what to expect when clicked, added a map showing the MPWSP project area, added some hot links within text''<br />
*** [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)]] - add 'Links' section, and link to any pages in the wiki that relate to ITPs (do a search) e.g. the Fort Ord HCP. Maybe update the references so that the text that appears is an indication of what to expect if you clicked the link (as opposed to a garbled URL). ''Changed reference links at the bottom to the name of the page, added links section at bottom of page and put links in, minor edits in text.''<br />
*** Flesh these two pages out a tiny bit (mainly by adding a summary sentence or two; and maybe a map of the MRWPCA site showing both plants): [[Salinas Valley Reclamation Plant (SVRP)]] and [[Regional Treatment Plant (RTP)]]. ''Added brief text summarizing SVRP, added brief text summarizing RTP, added map to RTP page. ''<br />
<br />
==Main new contribs 2014:==<br />
<br />
* [[GW Replenishment project]]<br />
* [[Common Permits Required for Restoration in the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Regulatory Agencies in the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Desalination in the Central Coast| Desal]]<br />
* [[Salinas River Channel Maintenance Program]]<br />
* [[Special Status Species of the Central Coast]]<br />
** What are prominent SS species in our region<br />
***[[Special Status Animals on the Central Coast]]<br />
***[[Special Status Plants on the Central Coast]]<br />
* [[California Natural Diversity Database|CNDDB]]<br />
* [[Fort Ord HCP]]<br />
* [[Water supply for underserved, marginalized communities of the Salinas Valley]]<br />
<br />
==Minor new contribs 2014:==<br />
<br />
* Aquifer<br />
** [[Aquifers of California's Central Coast Region]]<br />
** [[Seaside Groundwater Basin]]<br />
* [[Watershed]]<br />
** [[San Lorenzo River]]<br />
* [[California American Water Company (CalAm)]]<br />
* [[City of Salinas Treatment Plant]]<br />
* [[Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD)]]<br />
* [[Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency]]<br />
* [[City of Marina]]<br />
* [[City of King]]<br />
* [[The Molera Wetland]]<br />
* [[Endangered species]]<br />
* [[Natural Community Conservation Planning Act]]<br />
* [[Salinas River Diversion Facility]]<br />
* [[California Endangered Species Act]]<br />
* [[Templates]]<br />
**[[Species Template]]<br />
**[[Stub Pages]]<br />
* [[Monterey-Pacific Grove ASBS Stormwater Management Project]]<br />
* [[Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)]]<br />
* [[Blanco Drain]]<br />
* [[MRWPCA Regional Treatment Plant]]<br />
<br />
==Updates worked on in 2014:==<br />
<br />
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]<br />
* [[Approaches to TMDL Development and Implementation in the Monterey Bay Area]]<br />
* [[Los Padres Reservoir Capacity Issues]]<br />
* [[Sudden Oak Death (SOD)]]<br />
* [[Urban storm water management in the City of Santa Cruz]]<br />
** [[San Lorenzo River Flood Control and Restoration Improvement Project]]<br />
* [[Steelhead Management in the Monterey Bay Region]]<br />
* [[Steelhead Management in the Salinas Watershed]]<br />
* [[Steelhead]]<br />
* [[Riparian habitats as wildlife corridors in the California Central Coast Region]]<br />
*[[Carmel River Watershed]]<br />
*[[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]<br />
*[[Gabilan Range]]<br />
*[[Basin-Indians Fire Erosion and Debris Flows]]<br />
<br />
==Leftover ideas after 2014:==<br />
<br />
* Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP)<br />
** Who they are<br />
** What they do<br />
** Who are members<br />
** Student chapter<br />
** Recent events<br />
* PG Diversion project & DEIR<br />
* Hollister Hills - site summary<br />
* Page on all the water providers in the Monterey Bay Region - the biggies (like Cal Am), and all the teeny weird ones you never heard of (like Seaside Muni). Needs a good set of maps.<br />
*Other:<br />
** Water Supply for the Cal Am service area (focus on current impediments to the proposed portfolio approach)<br />
** Water metering as a means of understanding agricultural water use. <br />
** Understanding "water policy cycles"---Water supply and Policies that are viable in drought years, but untenable in years of plenty (new big dams in CA, etc).<br />
** Impacts of the new Salinas River channel maintenance program. <br />
** Movement toward public takeover of Cal Am water supply system. <br />
** Is there a physical inventory of extant groundwater resources to fuel existing (or proposed) Fort Ord reuse plans. This could be a close scrutiny of the Monterey Downs EIR.<br />
** How does the planned desal impact Fort Ord reuse?<br />
** Potential water use projects that would secure the now tenuous MCWRA rights to about 168,000 af/yr of Salinas Valley water.<br />
** When new subdivisions are permitted, they must demonstrate a sustainable water supply. Apparently, that approach is flawed, since many areas are in overdraft. What are the minimum criteria for demonstrating "sustainable" water supply and why does it fail in many cases?<br />
<br />
==Leftover ideas after 2013:==<br />
* CEQA<br />
** CEQA approaches to each of the main CEQA areas:<br />
*** Visual / aesthetic<br />
*** Transport<br />
*** Wetlands<br />
*** etc.<br />
** Firms that do CEQA, tabulated by project, role, specialty, client etc.<br />
* Land use planning in Central Coast<br />
** County General Plan<br />
** County Long-Range Development Plan<br />
** Marina General Plan<br />
** Seaside General Plan<br />
** AMBAG Metropolitan Transportation Plan<br />
** TAMC Regional Transportation Plan<br />
** <br />
** Former CA-led County Redevelopment Agencies and new 'Successor' agencies.<br />
** [[Fort Ord]]<br />
*** BRAC / Fort Ord Cleanup<br />
*** History of consistency determinations made with respect to Fort Ord Reuse Plan<br />
* Viewshed policy (county critical viewshed, approaches taken in CEQA projects)<br />
* Water rights - How do water rights work?<br />
** e.g. for projects in CEQA right now (Ferrini, Downs)<br />
* Drainage studies<br />
** e.g. Canyon del Rey and current contract to Balance & Whitson<br />
* Ag Waiver & TMDLs:<br />
** Can always use more updating with new developments<br />
* Stakeholder pages:<br />
** Marina Coast Water District, e.g. its role in Fort Ord re-use<br />
** MPWMD, e.g. its role in Canyon del Rey drainage study update<br />
** TAMC<br />
** AMBAG<br />
*Specific Watersheds<br />
* Wildlife:<br />
** Wildlife habitat corridor planning - State-level efforts, Regional effort led by CalTrans, Local survey led by BSLT, ...<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student's work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of [http://csumb.edu CSUMB], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/USDA_Natural_Resources_Conservation_ServiceUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service2019-04-03T23:22:11Z<p>StefanieK: /* Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/home Natural Resource Conservation Service] (NRCS) is a organization within the USDA which aims to maintain a sustainable, nutritious, abundant food supply, while also promoting thriving ecosystems that support a diversity of life. The NRCS provides landowners with [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs programs] that tackle a wide range of conservation goals, from wetland protection to on-farm energy conservation. NRCS originated in 1935 as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)and became NRCS in 1994 to "better reflect the broadened scope of the agency's concerns <ref>[NRCS. 2012. History of the NRCS. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/history]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==California NRCS==<br />
===Structure===<br />
The [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/ California NRCS] is divided into four areas. <br />
<br />
*'''Area 1 Office:''' Red Bluff, CA<br />
**Area 1 covers the northern part of California, bordering on Oregon in the North and with Areas 2 and 3 in the south. It serves three Congressional Districts with 12 Service Centers, four Local Partnership Offices, four RRC&D Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 27 Resource Conservation Districts and others to meet the conservation needs of 17 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 2 Office:''' Salinas, CA<br />
**Area 2 extends along the coast from the counties on the north side of San Francisco down to Santa Barbara and inland to Stockton and Modesto, covering 15 counties. It serves 17 Congressional Districts using ten Service Centers, five Local Partnership Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 25 Resource Conservation Districts, including the five [[Resource Conservation Districts in California's Central Coast Region]].<br />
<br />
*'''Area 3 Office:''' Fresno, CA<br />
**Area 3 extends from South Lake Tahoe through the Central Valley to Bakersfield. It serves ten Congressional Districts using 11 Service Centers, two Local Partnership Offices, three Resource Conservation and Development offices and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with six Resource Conservation Districts to meet the conservation needs of 12 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 4 Office:''' Riverside, CA<br />
**Area 4 is the home of five of the top twenty agricultural counties in the United States, with a diverse terrain, climate, animals and plant life. The area dawns valleys below sea level and peaks over 14,000 feet high. Precipitation ranges from less than 2 inches in some desert areas to 60 inches on the high slopes of Mt. San Antonio. Area 4 has desert vegetation, grasslands, brushland, hardwood and coniferous forests. The area serves 34 Congressional Districts.<br />
<br />
===Programs===<br />
The CA NRCS offers conservation [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/ programs] that provide incentives for farmers and landowners to implement various best management practices. Programs are often used to promote voluntary compliance with water quality regulations such as [[Total Mean Daily Load (TMDL) |TMDLs]] or the California [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver |Ag Waiver]]. The NRCS also provides [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ technical resources] that help landowners to reach conservation goals.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieKhttp://ccows.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/USDA_Natural_Resources_Conservation_ServiceUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service2019-04-03T23:20:50Z<p>StefanieK: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
The [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/home Natural Resource Conservation Service] (NRCS) is a organization within the USDA which aims to maintain a sustainable, nutritious, abundant food supply, while also promoting thriving ecosystems that support a diversity of life. The NRCS provides landowners with [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs programs] that tackle a wide range of conservation goals, from wetland protection to on-farm energy conservation. NRCS originated in 1935 as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)and became NRCS in 1994 to "better reflect the broadened scope of the agency's concerns <ref>[NRCS. 2012. History of the NRCS. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/history]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==California NRCS==<br />
===Structure===<br />
The [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/ California NRCS] is divided into four areas. <br />
<br />
*'''Area 1 Office:''' Red Bluff, CA<br />
**Area 1 covers the northern part of California, bordering on Oregon in the North and with Areas 2 and 3 in the south. It serves three Congressional Districts with 12 Service Centers, four Local Partnership Offices, four RRC&D Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 27 Resource Conservation Districts and others to meet the conservation needs of 17 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 2 Office:''' Salinas, CA<br />
**Area 2 extends along the coast from the counties on the north side of San Francisco down to Santa Barbara and inland to Stockton and Modesto, covering 15 counties. It serves 17 Congressional Districts using ten Service Centers, five Local Partnership Offices, and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with 25 Resource Conservation Districts.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 3 Office:''' Fresno, CA<br />
**Area 3 extends from South Lake Tahoe through the Central Valley to Bakersfield. It serves ten Congressional Districts using 11 Service Centers, two Local Partnership Offices, three Resource Conservation and Development offices and two Soil Survey Offices. These offices partner with six Resource Conservation Districts to meet the conservation needs of 12 counties.<br />
<br />
*'''Area 4 Office:''' Riverside, CA<br />
**Area 4 is the home of five of the top twenty agricultural counties in the United States, with a diverse terrain, climate, animals and plant life. The area dawns valleys below sea level and peaks over 14,000 feet high. Precipitation ranges from less than 2 inches in some desert areas to 60 inches on the high slopes of Mt. San Antonio. Area 4 has desert vegetation, grasslands, brushland, hardwood and coniferous forests. The area serves 34 Congressional Districts.<br />
<br />
===Programs===<br />
The CA NRCS offers conservation [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/ programs] that provide incentives for farmers and landowners to implement various best management practices. Programs are often used to promote voluntary compliance with water quality regulations such as [[Total Mean Daily Load (TMDL) |TMDLs]] or the California [[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver |Ag Waiver]]. The NRCS also provides [http://www.ca.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ technical resources] that help landowners to reach conservation goals.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer ==<br />
<br />
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.</div>StefanieK