Difference between revisions of "Conversion of Carr Lake to a Multi-Use Park"

From CCoWS Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 1: Line 1:
 
A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
 
A [[Watershed Issues|watershed-related issue]] examined by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
 +
 +
==Note==
 +
 +
*This page is currently undergoing reconstruction
  
 
== Summary ==
 
== Summary ==
  
Carr Lake, the largest wetland area in the [[lower Salinas Valley]], is located in the heart of the City of Salinas.  Historically, James D. Carr drained most of the lake for agricultural use as part of the Reclamation Ditch project in 1910. This project was part of a nationwide trend to drain wetlands to create more available lands for agriculture and urban development <ref name=GESR>[https://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/history.html History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States]</ref>. The resulting reclamation ditch continues to drain approximately 157 square miles of land into [[Monterey Bay]]. Currently there is an effort to purchase the agricultural land and convert it to a regional park with recreational areas for the people of Salinas, a wetland area to improve water quality and mitigate flooding during high storm years, and an educational place where people can explore and study nature (Cameron et al 2003)<ref name="clp">http://php.csumb.edu/watershed/carrlake/</ref>. In January 2017, the [[Big Sur Land Trust]] purchased 73 acres of farmland from the Ikeda family for $3.95 million <ref>[http://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2017/01/26/big-sur-land-trust-buys-carr-lake/97103410/ Big Sur Land Trust Buys Carr Lake]</ref>.
+
Carr Lake, the largest wetland area in the [[lower Salinas Valley]], is located in the heart of the City of Salinas.  The lake drains approximately 157 square miles of land into [[Monterey Bay]]. After the construction of the Reclamation Ditch in 1917, Carr Lake only holds water during really big flooding events [citation needed]. Most of the lake has since been converted to agricultural land. Currently, there is an effort to purchase the historical land and convert it to a regional park with recreational areas for the people of Salinas, a wetland area to improve water quality and mitigate flooding during high storm years, and an educational place where people can explore and study nature (Cameron et al 2003 - more updated reference needed)<ref name="clp">http://php.csumb.edu/watershed/carrlake/</ref>. In January 2017, the [[Big Sur Land Trust]] purchased 73 acres of this land from the Ikeda family for $3.95 million <ref>[http://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2017/01/26/big-sur-land-trust-buys-carr-lake/97103410/ Big Sur Land Trust Buys Carr Lake]</ref>.
  
  
Line 9: Line 13:
  
 
Carr Lake is located at the confluence of three tributaries: Gabilan Creek, Alisal Creek and Natividad Creek. It drains into the [[the Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed]] which flows to the Pacific Ocean at [[Moss Landing Harbor]].  It is located in the center of the [[City of Salinas]] and bounded by Laurel Drive, Sherwood Drive, Natividad Road and Highway 101. Most of Carr Lake has been converted to agricultural land [citation needed].
 
Carr Lake is located at the confluence of three tributaries: Gabilan Creek, Alisal Creek and Natividad Creek. It drains into the [[the Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed]] which flows to the Pacific Ocean at [[Moss Landing Harbor]].  It is located in the center of the [[City of Salinas]] and bounded by Laurel Drive, Sherwood Drive, Natividad Road and Highway 101. Most of Carr Lake has been converted to agricultural land [citation needed].
 +
 +
 +
==History==
 +
How was the lake created?
 +
 +
In 1917, the Reclamation Ditch was constructed, which excavated part of the three incoming tributaries. This drained Carr Lake, which historically held water seasonally [citation needed]. Was converted to agriculture land.
 +
 +
 +
==General Plan Update==
 +
Carr Lake being included in 2017 General Plan Update.
  
  
Line 14: Line 28:
  
 
*Community
 
*Community
**According to the Trust for Public Lands, Salinas has less than a quarter of the amount of recommended open space for healthy communities; adding Carr Lake would nearly double its park space (Anderson 2008). There is a hope that the recreational facilities, community gardens, bird habitat areas and other features of the park could provide a healthy outlet for local youthful energy (Anderson 2008). Combined with adjacent parks, it would be about the size of Golden Gate Park, with potential economic benefits of drawing in tourists for Salinas (Watershed 2008).
+
**According to the Trust for Public Lands, Salinas has less than a quarter of the amount of recommended open space for healthy communities; adding Carr Lake would nearly double its park space (Anderson 2008). There is a hope that the recreational facilities, community gardens, bird habitat areas and other features of the park could provide a healthy outlet for local youthful energy (Anderson 2008). Combined with adjacent parks, it would be about the size of Golden Gate Park, with potential economic benefits of drawing in tourists for Salinas (Watershed 2008 - needs more reliable source).
  
 
*Ecology
 
*Ecology
Line 20: Line 34:
  
 
*Flood protection
 
*Flood protection
**Carr Lake has endured 2 major floods, both El Nino events, which filled the wetland with increased runoff from the Gabilan, Natividad and Alisal Creeks. In 1995 the City of Salinas received 20.1 inches of rain and in 1998 it received 30.1 inches. A 2002 study from the Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE) <ref>[Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE). 2002. Carr Lake Multi-Purpose Flood Control Study, Prepared for the Monterey County Water Resource Agency, 18 pp. + appendix]</ref> explored the flood control benefits of 2 general designs. The thru-flow system design is better equipped to reduce the values of the 10 year peak flows. The side-flow system is the more cost effective route in terms of reducing runoff rates from the 100 year flood.  Photos of flooding in 1998 can be viewed at the following link: [http://watershed.csumb.edu/carrlake/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=1&Itemid=57 Historical photos]
+
** A 2002 study from the Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE) <ref>[Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE). 2002. Carr Lake Multi-Purpose Flood Control Study, Prepared for the Monterey County Water Resource Agency, 18 pp. + appendix]</ref> explored the flood control benefits of 2 general designs. The thru-flow system design is better equipped to reduce the values of the 10 year peak flows. The side-flow system is the more cost effective route in terms of reducing runoff rates from the 100 year flood.  Photos of flooding in 1998 can be viewed at the following link: [http://watershed.csumb.edu/carrlake/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=1&Itemid=57 Historical photos]
  
 +
**Carr Lake has endured 2 major floods, both El Nino events, which filled the wetland with increased runoff from the Gabilan, Natividad and Alisal Creeks. In 1995 the City of Salinas received 20.1 inches of rain and in 1998 it received 30.1 inches.
  
==Supporting Agencies==
 
  
The Carr Lake Project is supported by the city government, non-profit organizations and citizen groups to promote its success. Its Advisory Council is composed of the following members:
+
==Stakeholders==
 +
 
 +
The Carr Lake Project is supported by the city government, non-profit organizations and citizen groups to promote its success. The following agencies and organizations, either currently or have at one point had a stake in the construction of Carr Lake:
  
 
* Trust for Public Lands
 
* Trust for Public Lands
Line 41: Line 57:
 
== Laws, policies, & regulations ==
 
== Laws, policies, & regulations ==
  
The Clean Water Act of 1972 regulates water quality, including non-point source pollution(NPS). Unfortunately, regulation of NPS pollution has been slow, difficult and largely ineffective to date. Water  
+
The [[Clean Water Act of 1972]] regulates water quality, including non-point source pollution(NPS). Unfortunately, regulation of NPS pollution has been slow, difficult and largely ineffective to date. Water  
 
quality monitoring of the three incoming tributaries has revealed that the input of nutrients, pesticides  and sediments is above TMDL standards <ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/1205/ Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB</ref>. Federal law does not require agriculture to obtain permits for runoff discharges, but the California Water Code requires the monitoring of agricultural drainage and assessments by the regional water boards to examine if their efforts to stem pollution are effective <ref>[Dowd BM, Press D, LosHuertos M. 2008. Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: the case of California's Central Coast (electronic version). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 128:151-161.]</ref>. In 2017 the status of the agricultural waiver program comes up for review and the water board may make changes to existing permits and waivers (citation needed).
 
quality monitoring of the three incoming tributaries has revealed that the input of nutrients, pesticides  and sediments is above TMDL standards <ref>[http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/1205/ Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB</ref>. Federal law does not require agriculture to obtain permits for runoff discharges, but the California Water Code requires the monitoring of agricultural drainage and assessments by the regional water boards to examine if their efforts to stem pollution are effective <ref>[Dowd BM, Press D, LosHuertos M. 2008. Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: the case of California's Central Coast (electronic version). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 128:151-161.]</ref>. In 2017 the status of the agricultural waiver program comes up for review and the water board may make changes to existing permits and waivers (citation needed).
  
Line 49: Line 65:
 
== Science ==
 
== Science ==
  
* Extensive monitoring of water quality of the Carr Lake watershed (the tributaries, drainage ditch and Tembladero Slough) has been conducted by CCoWS (Casagrande et al. 2006).
+
* Extensive monitoring of water quality of the Carr Lake watershed (the tributaries, drainage ditch and Tembladero Slough) has been conducted by CCoWS <ref>[Casagrande J, Watson F, Quezada M, 2006. Final report: Monterey county water resources agency - reclamation ditch watershed assessment and management strategy.  The Watershed Institute.]</ref>.
* An investigation of the biophysical benefits of creating the park analyzed its value from a hydrological, biological, and  water quality perspective (Casagrande and Watson 2007).
+
* An investigation of the biophysical benefits of creating the park analyzed its value from a hydrological, biological, and  water quality perspective<ref>[http://aquaticcommons.org/1204/1/WI200705.pdf Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB.]</ref>.
* The Cal Poly student design team assessed the potential social, economic, flood control and educational value that could be gained from the park (Cameron et al. 2003).
+
*[Include one more recent example]
 
+
  
 
== Future research ==
 
== Future research ==
  
 
* Knowledge gaps:
 
* Knowledge gaps:
** NOAA has classified the upper Gabilan area as steelhead habitat, but it is unknown whether there is a steelhead population in this region (Casagrande and Watson 2007).  Research to determine the presence (or absence) and extent of such a population would be a help to determining protective measures.  The other nine lakes were once wetlands and animal habitat and there may be other areas in the watershed that could be ideal locations for constructed wetlands to improve water quality.  A study to determine appropriate locations and efficiencies of wetlands to provide improved water quality to mitigate pollution from agricultural and urban runoff could be helpful for future planning.   
+
** NOAA has classified the upper Gabilan area as steelhead habitat, but it is unknown whether there is a steelhead population in this region<ref>[http://aquaticcommons.org/1204/1/WI200705.pdf Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB.]</ref>.  Research to determine the presence (or absence) and extent of such a population would be a help to determining protective measures.  The other nine lakes were once wetlands and animal habitat and there may be other areas in the watershed that could be ideal locations for constructed wetlands to improve water quality.  A study to determine appropriate locations and efficiencies of wetlands to provide improved water quality to mitigate pollution from agricultural and urban runoff could be helpful for future planning.   
 
** Added tools that could help make the case for Carr lake would be to model contaminant removal by the proposed wetlands area.  As there are different proposals for how much acreage out of the total 480 acre park area to devote to wetlands, modeling concentration removal of known pollutants could help predict the water quality improvements for each proposal and enable better decision making.
 
** Added tools that could help make the case for Carr lake would be to model contaminant removal by the proposed wetlands area.  As there are different proposals for how much acreage out of the total 480 acre park area to devote to wetlands, modeling concentration removal of known pollutants could help predict the water quality improvements for each proposal and enable better decision making.
  
* Potential CWSP MS thesis topic:
+
* Potential MS thesis topics:
** Possible CWSP thesis topics could be a population study of steelhead trout in Gabilan Creek.  A second helpful thesis could be to model restored Carr Lake as a wetland for reducing pollutant concentrations. Another thesis topic could be a watershed approach to locating wetlands to improve water quality from nonpoint source pollution.  A third topic could be an analysis of the influence of agricultural best management practices on reducing agricultural pollutants.  Methods for managing urban runoff and for reducing or removing pollutants in the City of Salinas could also be a useful topic.   
+
** One possible thesis topic could be a population study of steelhead trout in Gabilan Creek.  Another possible thesis could be to model a restored projection of Carr Lake as a wetland for reducing pollutant concentrations. Another thesis topic could be a watershed approach to locating wetlands to improve water quality from nonpoint source pollution.  A fourth topic could be an analysis of the influence of agricultural best management practices on reducing agricultural pollutants.  Methods for managing urban runoff and for reducing or removing pollutants in the City of Salinas could also be a useful topic.   
 +
 
 
* Potential study if resources were unlimited:
 
* Potential study if resources were unlimited:
 
** If resources were unlimited, a study of the economics and biophysical benefits of reconstructing all ten lakes for habitat and for wetland areas to control pollution would provide a vision of how to recover and restore the land both in coincidence with its original nature and in ways that would help with water quality problems created by modern ways of life. Research into pollutant cycling and transformation and effects on wildlife would be useful to determine how best to manage a living water treatment system.
 
** If resources were unlimited, a study of the economics and biophysical benefits of reconstructing all ten lakes for habitat and for wetland areas to control pollution would provide a vision of how to recover and restore the land both in coincidence with its original nature and in ways that would help with water quality problems created by modern ways of life. Research into pollutant cycling and transformation and effects on wildlife would be useful to determine how best to manage a living water treatment system.
Line 72: Line 88:
 
* Anderson M. 2008.  Monterey County Weekly. [Internet]. [cited 2009 January 21]. http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/archives/2008/2008-Dec-18/big-sur-land-trust-gives-the-carr-lake-project-in-salinas-a-renewed-lease-on-life/1/@@index
 
* Anderson M. 2008.  Monterey County Weekly. [Internet]. [cited 2009 January 21]. http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/archives/2008/2008-Dec-18/big-sur-land-trust-gives-the-carr-lake-project-in-salinas-a-renewed-lease-on-life/1/@@index
 
* Cameron W, Hoffman A, Langer J. 2003. A vision plan for Carr Lake regional park. 606 Studio, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.
 
* Cameron W, Hoffman A, Langer J. 2003. A vision plan for Carr Lake regional park. 606 Studio, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.
* Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB.  [Internet]. [cited 2009 January 21]  Available from: http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/1205/
 
* Casagrande J, Watson F, Quezada M, 2006. Final report: Monterey county water resources agency - reclamation ditch watershed assessment and management strategy.  The Watershed Institute.
 
 
* Dowd BM, Press D, LosHuertos M. 2008. Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: the case of California's Central Coast (electronic version). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 128:151-161.  
 
* Dowd BM, Press D, LosHuertos M. 2008. Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: the case of California's Central Coast (electronic version). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 128:151-161.  
 
* Watershed Institute at CSUMB, 2008. Carr lake park. [Internet]. [cited 2009 January 21]. http://watershed.csumb.edu/carrlake/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1
 
* Watershed Institute at CSUMB, 2008. Carr lake park. [Internet]. [cited 2009 January 21]. http://watershed.csumb.edu/carrlake/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1

Revision as of 14:50, 30 March 2017

A watershed-related issue examined by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.

Note

  • This page is currently undergoing reconstruction

Summary

Carr Lake, the largest wetland area in the lower Salinas Valley, is located in the heart of the City of Salinas. The lake drains approximately 157 square miles of land into Monterey Bay. After the construction of the Reclamation Ditch in 1917, Carr Lake only holds water during really big flooding events [citation needed]. Most of the lake has since been converted to agricultural land. Currently, there is an effort to purchase the historical land and convert it to a regional park with recreational areas for the people of Salinas, a wetland area to improve water quality and mitigate flooding during high storm years, and an educational place where people can explore and study nature (Cameron et al 2003 - more updated reference needed)[1]. In January 2017, the Big Sur Land Trust purchased 73 acres of this land from the Ikeda family for $3.95 million [2].


Location

Carr Lake is located at the confluence of three tributaries: Gabilan Creek, Alisal Creek and Natividad Creek. It drains into the the Gabilan / Reclamation Ditch Watershed which flows to the Pacific Ocean at Moss Landing Harbor. It is located in the center of the City of Salinas and bounded by Laurel Drive, Sherwood Drive, Natividad Road and Highway 101. Most of Carr Lake has been converted to agricultural land [citation needed].


History

How was the lake created?

In 1917, the Reclamation Ditch was constructed, which excavated part of the three incoming tributaries. This drained Carr Lake, which historically held water seasonally [citation needed]. Was converted to agriculture land.


General Plan Update

Carr Lake being included in 2017 General Plan Update.


Potential Benefits

  • Community
    • According to the Trust for Public Lands, Salinas has less than a quarter of the amount of recommended open space for healthy communities; adding Carr Lake would nearly double its park space (Anderson 2008). There is a hope that the recreational facilities, community gardens, bird habitat areas and other features of the park could provide a healthy outlet for local youthful energy (Anderson 2008). Combined with adjacent parks, it would be about the size of Golden Gate Park, with potential economic benefits of drawing in tourists for Salinas (Watershed 2008 - needs more reliable source).
  • Ecology
    • With the proper design, restoring Carr Lake's wetlands could provide habitat for the threatened tiger salamander and red-legged frog as well as for sensitive bird species (Casagrande and Watson 2007). The proposed wetland could potentially diminish pollutants and the agricultural nutrients, sediments and pesticides found in the discharge that enters Carr Lake from its three tributaries (Casagrande et al 2006). This would benefit the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which is home to otters and other marine life.
  • Flood protection
    • A 2002 study from the Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE) [3] explored the flood control benefits of 2 general designs. The thru-flow system design is better equipped to reduce the values of the 10 year peak flows. The side-flow system is the more cost effective route in terms of reducing runoff rates from the 100 year flood. Photos of flooding in 1998 can be viewed at the following link: Historical photos
    • Carr Lake has endured 2 major floods, both El Nino events, which filled the wetland with increased runoff from the Gabilan, Natividad and Alisal Creeks. In 1995 the City of Salinas received 20.1 inches of rain and in 1998 it received 30.1 inches.


Stakeholders

The Carr Lake Project is supported by the city government, non-profit organizations and citizen groups to promote its success. The following agencies and organizations, either currently or have at one point had a stake in the construction of Carr Lake:


Laws, policies, & regulations

The Clean Water Act of 1972 regulates water quality, including non-point source pollution(NPS). Unfortunately, regulation of NPS pollution has been slow, difficult and largely ineffective to date. Water quality monitoring of the three incoming tributaries has revealed that the input of nutrients, pesticides and sediments is above TMDL standards [4]. Federal law does not require agriculture to obtain permits for runoff discharges, but the California Water Code requires the monitoring of agricultural drainage and assessments by the regional water boards to examine if their efforts to stem pollution are effective [5]. In 2017 the status of the agricultural waiver program comes up for review and the water board may make changes to existing permits and waivers (citation needed).

Currently, available bond money from two propositions passed by state voters, Propositions 84 and 1E, provide grants to purchase the land from current owners. This is the first step to developing the park. The Big Sur Land Trust has begun negotiating with the three Japanese-American families (Higashi, Hibino and Ikeda) who own the land (Anderson 2008). In January 2017, the Big Sur Land Trust purchased 73 acres of farmland from the Ikeda family for $3.95 million[6]. Supporting funders included the California Coastal Conservancy ($2.5 million grant), David and Lucile Packard Foundation ($1 million grant), Monterey Peninsula Foundation, the Barnet Segal Charitable Trust and the California Natural Resources Agency River Parkways Program[6].


Science

  • Extensive monitoring of water quality of the Carr Lake watershed (the tributaries, drainage ditch and Tembladero Slough) has been conducted by CCoWS [7].
  • An investigation of the biophysical benefits of creating the park analyzed its value from a hydrological, biological, and water quality perspective[8].
  • [Include one more recent example]

Future research

  • Knowledge gaps:
    • NOAA has classified the upper Gabilan area as steelhead habitat, but it is unknown whether there is a steelhead population in this region[9]. Research to determine the presence (or absence) and extent of such a population would be a help to determining protective measures. The other nine lakes were once wetlands and animal habitat and there may be other areas in the watershed that could be ideal locations for constructed wetlands to improve water quality. A study to determine appropriate locations and efficiencies of wetlands to provide improved water quality to mitigate pollution from agricultural and urban runoff could be helpful for future planning.
    • Added tools that could help make the case for Carr lake would be to model contaminant removal by the proposed wetlands area. As there are different proposals for how much acreage out of the total 480 acre park area to devote to wetlands, modeling concentration removal of known pollutants could help predict the water quality improvements for each proposal and enable better decision making.
  • Potential MS thesis topics:
    • One possible thesis topic could be a population study of steelhead trout in Gabilan Creek. Another possible thesis could be to model a restored projection of Carr Lake as a wetland for reducing pollutant concentrations. Another thesis topic could be a watershed approach to locating wetlands to improve water quality from nonpoint source pollution. A fourth topic could be an analysis of the influence of agricultural best management practices on reducing agricultural pollutants. Methods for managing urban runoff and for reducing or removing pollutants in the City of Salinas could also be a useful topic.
  • Potential study if resources were unlimited:
    • If resources were unlimited, a study of the economics and biophysical benefits of reconstructing all ten lakes for habitat and for wetland areas to control pollution would provide a vision of how to recover and restore the land both in coincidence with its original nature and in ways that would help with water quality problems created by modern ways of life. Research into pollutant cycling and transformation and effects on wildlife would be useful to determine how best to manage a living water treatment system.


Notes and References

  1. http://php.csumb.edu/watershed/carrlake/
  2. Big Sur Land Trust Buys Carr Lake
  3. [Schaaf and Wheeler Consulting Civil Engineers (SWCCE). 2002. Carr Lake Multi-Purpose Flood Control Study, Prepared for the Monterey County Water Resource Agency, 18 pp. + appendix]
  4. [http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/1205/ Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB
  5. [Dowd BM, Press D, LosHuertos M. 2008. Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: the case of California's Central Coast (electronic version). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 128:151-161.]
  6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BSCL
  7. [Casagrande J, Watson F, Quezada M, 2006. Final report: Monterey county water resources agency - reclamation ditch watershed assessment and management strategy. The Watershed Institute.]
  8. Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB.
  9. Casagrande J, Watson F. 2007. The Carr Lake Project: Potential Biophysical Benefits of Conversion to a Multiple-Use Park. Watershed Institute at CSUMB.


Links


Disclaimer

This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.