Difference between revisions of "Range of the Condor National Heritage Area"

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== Overview ==
 
== Overview ==
  
The [[Range of the Condor National Heritage Area]] is a proposed new [[National Heritage Area (NHA)]] spanning an [[Maps of the proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area|area]] defined by the current range of the [[California Condor]].
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The [[Range of the Condor National Heritage Area]] (RCNHA) is a proposed new [[National Heritage Area (NHA)]] spanning an [[Maps of the proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area|area]] defined by the current range of the [[California Condor]].
  
 
This NHA designation would facilitate collaboration between [[Organizations that are potential partners in the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area|stakeholders (including government agencies and non-governmental organizations)]] for preservation, maintenance, project planning, and other land management duties throughout the area. NHAs also receive advising from the [[National Park Service (NPS)]] on technical and planning issues, as well as limited financial assistance.
 
This NHA designation would facilitate collaboration between [[Organizations that are potential partners in the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area|stakeholders (including government agencies and non-governmental organizations)]] for preservation, maintenance, project planning, and other land management duties throughout the area. NHAs also receive advising from the [[National Park Service (NPS)]] on technical and planning issues, as well as limited financial assistance.
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* Construction of a 'University Trail' running between state universities in Monterey Bay and San Luis Obispo.
 
* Construction of a 'University Trail' running between state universities in Monterey Bay and San Luis Obispo.
  
== Function and Operation ==
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== Management ==
  
 
NHAs across the country differ in their operational structure. The [[National Heritage Area (NHA)|NHA]] designation by Congress doesn't dictate a specific organizational hierarchy; only the oversight role of the [[National Park Service]]. Thus, new NHAs can look to existing ones for organizational blueprints, in addition to developing their own system that works locally. Some components of NHAs relevant to the Range of the Condor NHA are listed within the [[Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas|comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas]]. A range of goals and missions of all existing NHAs can be found in the [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|missions, planning, and administration]] section.
 
NHAs across the country differ in their operational structure. The [[National Heritage Area (NHA)|NHA]] designation by Congress doesn't dictate a specific organizational hierarchy; only the oversight role of the [[National Park Service]]. Thus, new NHAs can look to existing ones for organizational blueprints, in addition to developing their own system that works locally. Some components of NHAs relevant to the Range of the Condor NHA are listed within the [[Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas|comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas]]. A range of goals and missions of all existing NHAs can be found in the [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|missions, planning, and administration]] section.
  
NHA operations are typically spearheaded by a local coordinating entity (LCE), which acts as the public face of the NHA, taking a leadership role in coordination, and developing the required heritage area management plan. One potential candidate organization to serve as the LCE for the Range of the Condor NHA is the [[Conservancy for the Range of the Condor]], having originally proposed the NHA.
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=== Local Coordinating Entities  ===
  
NHA creation generally requires cooperation between multiple agencies, which may be established through a [[JPAs, MOUs, and MOA's in California's Central Coast Region|Memorandum of Understanding, Memorandum of Agreement, or a Joint Powers Agreement]]. These agreements would be between the [[NPS]], the local management entities, and the main LCE of the [[National Heritage Area (NHA)|NHA]].  
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NHAs are managed by Local Coordinating Entities (LCEs). The LCE can be a [[Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Non-Profit Organizations in California's Central Coast Region|non-profit organization]] or a non-federal governmental organization. LCE responsibilities include creating the NHA management plan, finding external funding, and overseeing cooperation between partner organizations.
MOU agreements have been used to create other [[National Heritage Area (NHA)|NHA]]s in the United States, such as the [[Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area|Mormon Pioneer NHA]] and the [[Great Basin National Heritage Area|Great Basin NHA]] <ref> [https://www-jstor-org.csumb.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.5406/utahhistquar.88.2.0129?seq=1 From Skepticism to Support: National Heritage Areas in the West [Cited March 2021]] </ref>.
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In the [[California Central Coast Region]], other agency agreements have been created using [[JPAs, MOUs, and MOA's in California's Central Coast Region|JPAs]],  such as the [[Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority (MPRWA)]], which was created to aid in the over-drafting of water from the Carmel River <ref> [https://monterey.org/MPRWA-Hosted-Archive/The-Authority Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. 
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==== Types of NHA Management ====
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There are typically two ways [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|National Heritage Areas]] are created, where the LCE is either a non-profit institution or a government agency. The established precedent of [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)]] creation is generally started from the [[Organizations that are potential partners in the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area|local and community levels]], making the non-profit organizations the most common LCE choice for [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|NHA]] oversight <ref> [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33462.pdf Congressional Research Service. Heritage Areas: Background, Proposals, and Current Issues [Cited March 2021]] </ref>.
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The establishment of these areas is discussed on the [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)]] page. The responsibilities of the determined LCE for each Heritage Area include creating management plans for the designated region, finding external budget funding resources (other than the [[NPS]]), and directing cooperation between agencies that manage properties within the Heritage Area.
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'''Examples of responsibilities of LCE managing a NHA'''<ref> [https://www.visittucson.org/visit/about/santa-cruz-valley-national-heritage-area Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area [Cited March 2021]] </ref>
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'''Examples of responsibilities of LCEs managing a NHA'''<ref> [https://www.visittucson.org/visit/about/santa-cruz-valley-national-heritage-area Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area [Cited March 2021]] </ref>
 
*Promoting heritage-based tourism within the area
 
*Promoting heritage-based tourism within the area
 
*Developing educational programs based on the historical context of the region  
 
*Developing educational programs based on the historical context of the region  
 
*Restoration and conservation of the Heritage area
 
*Restoration and conservation of the Heritage area
 
*Rehabilitating historic buildings  
 
*Rehabilitating historic buildings  
===== Non-Profit LCE =====
 
The [[Conservancy for the Range of the Condor]], a non-profit institution, proposed the Range of the Condor NHA and may be a sensible choice for the LCE following the establishment of previous [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|National Heritage Areas]] summarized by the [[Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas]].
 
  
[[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|NHAs]] also managed by non-profits include:
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==== The Non-Profit LCE option ====
*[[Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm National Heritage Area|Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm NHA]] managed by the [[Kenai Turnagain Arm Communities Association]]
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*[[Mountains to Sound Greenway National Heritage Area|Mountains to Sound Greenway NHA]] managed by the [[The Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust]]
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*[[Blue Ridge National Heritage Area]] managed by the [[ Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Partnership]]
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=====Governmental LCE =====
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Most NHAs are managed by non-profit organizations acting as the LCE (see [[Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas]]). Examples include:
Since the [[National Park Service (NPS)|NPS]] is the federal arm involved in the oversight of [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)| NHAs]], then a governmental LCE should be a state or local agency, having another federal agency be the LCE of the Range of the Condor NHA might be contrary to the intent of the NHA. In our research, we haven't found any federal agencies as the LCE for a [[National Heritage Areas (NHA)|NHA]].  
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The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] would then be a sensible choice to manage the Range of the Condor NHA if a state or local government agency was to be the main management entity. The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife|CDFW]] is responsible for monitoring numerous [[endangered species]] in the [[State of California]] and are the main wildlife managers of California's [[Tule Elk]] herds. The CDFW is also the agency that works with the [[U.S Army]] to manage hunting and fishing on Army bases, such as [[Fort Hunter Liggett]].  The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife|CDFW]] has prior communicative set-ups between agencies that would make them an ideal option for managing the Range of the California Condor NHA. 
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* [[Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm National Heritage Area|Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm NHA]] managed by the [[Kenai Turnagain Arm Communities Association]]
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* [[Mountains to Sound Greenway National Heritage Area|Mountains to Sound Greenway NHA]] managed by the [[The Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust]]
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* [[Blue Ridge National Heritage Area]] managed by the [[ Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Partnership]]
  
[[National Heritage Areas (NHA)| NHAs]] also managed by Governmental institutions:  
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If the RCNHA is to be managed by a non-governmental organization, then this role could be played by the existing [[Conservancy for the Range of the Condor]] or by a new non-profit established specifically to function as the LCE for the RCNHA.
*[[Mississippi Gulf National Heritage Area|Mississippi Gulf NHA]] managed by [[Mississippi Department of Marine Resources]]
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*[[Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area|Muscle Shoals NHA]] managed by the [[University of Alabama]]
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==== Governmental LCE ====
*[[Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area|Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta NHA]] managed by the [[State of California Delta Protection Commission]]
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Some NHAs are managed by non-federal government organizations acting as the LCE (see [[Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas]]). Examples include:
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* [[Mississippi Gulf National Heritage Area|Mississippi Gulf NHA]] managed by [[Mississippi Department of Marine Resources]]
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* [[Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area|Muscle Shoals NHA]] managed by the [[University of Alabama]]
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* [[Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area|Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta NHA]] managed by the [[State of California Delta Protection Commission]]
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Note that [[Annotated List of Federal Agencies with Resource Management Responsibilities in California's Central Coast Region|federal organizations]] do not act as LCEs because this is contrary to the intent of having a '''Local''' Coordinating Entity.
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If the RCNHA is be managed by a government organization, then logical choices for the LCE might be [[CDFW]] or [[State Parks]]. [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife|CDFW]] is responsible for managing numerous [[Special Status Species in the Central Coast Region]]. CDFW is also the agency that works with the [[U.S Army]] to manage hunting and fishing on Army bases, such as [[Fort Hunter Liggett]].
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=== Partnerships ===
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NHA creation generally requires cooperation between multiple agencies, which may be established through a [[JPAs, MOUs, and MOA's in California's Central Coast Region|Memorandum of Understanding, Memorandum of Agreement, or a Joint Powers Agreement]]. These agreements would be between the [[NPS]], the LCE, and any other partner organizations.
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MOU agreements have been used to create other [[National Heritage Area (NHA)|NHA]]s in the United States, such as the [[Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area|Mormon Pioneer NHA]] and the [[Great Basin National Heritage Area|Great Basin NHA]] <ref> [https://www-jstor-org.csumb.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.5406/utahhistquar.88.2.0129?seq=1 From Skepticism to Support: National Heritage Areas in the West [Cited March 2021]] </ref>.
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JPAs are [[JPAs, MOUs, and MOA's in California's Central Coast Region|widely used]] for various purposes in the [[California Central Coast Region]].
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== Operational function ==
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The operational function of the RCNHA could involve:
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* Implementation of the NHA management plan
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* Regular meetings among partners
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* Public outreach and promotion of the NHA vision
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* Procurement of external funding
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* Restoration and preservation of habitat
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* Planning for increase public access to public land
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* Construction of facilities such as trail heads and trails such as the [[The Condor Trail|Condor Trail]]
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* Hosting conferences, workshops, & seminars on condors, land management, wildfire etc.
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* Facilitation of research
  
 
== Leadership ==
 
== Leadership ==
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; [[National Park Service (NPS)]]: The [[National Park Service (NPS)|NPS]] manages approximately 513,150 acres of land within the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. Parks within this area include [[Pinnacles National Park]], [[Channel Islands National Park]], [[Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI)]], [[Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area]], and [[César E. Chávez National Monument]]. The [[National Park Service (NPS)|NPS]] is also the federal agency in charge of general [[National Heritage Areas|National Heritage Area]] oversight, assisting in funding and helping with cohesive management within the local communities.  
 
; [[National Park Service (NPS)]]: The [[National Park Service (NPS)|NPS]] manages approximately 513,150 acres of land within the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. Parks within this area include [[Pinnacles National Park]], [[Channel Islands National Park]], [[Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI)]], [[Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area]], and [[César E. Chávez National Monument]]. The [[National Park Service (NPS)|NPS]] is also the federal agency in charge of general [[National Heritage Areas|National Heritage Area]] oversight, assisting in funding and helping with cohesive management within the local communities.  
  
; [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) | Bureau of Land Management (BLM)]]: The [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)| BLM]] manages over 85,000 acres of habitat conservation areas and other public lands in the [[California's Central Coast Region]], including [[Fort Ord National Monument (FONM)]], [[California Coastal National Monument (CCNM)]], [[Carrizo Plain National Monument]], and [[Clear Creek Management Area (CCMA)]]. The National Monuments and Special Management Areas are located in geographically important habitats for the historic range of the California Condor and as a result, would be key additions to the Range of the Condor NHA.   
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; [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) | Bureau of Land Management (BLM)]]: The [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)| BLM]] manages over 85,000 acres of habitat conservation areas and other public lands in the [[California's Central Coast Region]], including [[Fort Ord National Monument (FONM)]], [[California Coastal National Monument (CCNM)]], [[Carrizo Plain National Monument]], and [[Clear Creek Management Area (CCMA)]]. The National Monuments and Special Management Areas are located in geographically important habitats for the historic range of the California Condor and as a result, would be valuable corridors within the Range of the Condor NHA.   
  
; [[US Fish and Wildlife Service]]: Since 1992, [[USFWS]] has operated the [[California Condor Recovery Program]], which breeds and reintroduces California Condors to the wild. The [[USFWS]] also manages designated critical habitat for the [[California Tiger Salamander in California's Central Coast Region|California Tiger Salamander]], and the Pacific Southwest Region office previously worked with state agencies to create a species recovery plan that started in 2017. Due to its involvement in the [[California Condor Recovery Program]], and its role in [[Central Coast]] conservation and management, the [[USFWS]] would be a strong partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
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; [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)]]: Since 1992, [[USFWS]] has operated the [[California Condor Recovery Program]], which breeds and reintroduces California Condors to the wild. The [[USFWS]] also manages designated critical habitat for the [[California Tiger Salamander in California's Central Coast Region|California Tiger Salamander]], and the Pacific Southwest Region office previously worked with state agencies to create a species recovery plan that started in 2017. The [[USFWS]] also manages the [[National Wildlife Refuge System]], which consists of a total of 26,303 acres out of the seven wildlife refuges in the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area. Due to its involvement in the [[California Condor Recovery Program]], and its role in [[Central Coast]] conservation and management, the [[USFWS]] would be a strong partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
  
; [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]: The [[USFS]] manages 4,222,701 acres of National Forest land that are partially located in the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. These forests include [[Los Padres National Forest (LPNF)]], [[Angeles National Forest]], [[San Bernardino National Forest]], and [[Sequoia National Forest]]. The [[USFS]]'s mission is to maintain and improve the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands, and focuses on managing vegetation, restoring ecosystems, reducing hazards, and maintaining forest health <ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/forestmanagement/ U.S Forest Service [Cited March 2021]]</ref>. As of 2014, 103 California Condors were surveyed in [[Los Padres National Forest (LPNF)|LPNF]] <ref> [https://lpfw.org/our-region/wildlife/california-condor/ Los Padres Forest Watch [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Additionally, within the southern region of [[LPNF]] lies the [[Sespe Condor Sanctuary]] which provides a critical protected habitat for the [[California Condor]], making the [[USFS]] an ideal partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
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; [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]: The [[USFS]] manages 4,222,701 acres of National Forest land that are partially located in the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. These forests include [[Los Padres National Forest (LPNF)]], [[Angeles National Forest]], [[San Bernardino National Forest]], and [[Sequoia National Forest]]. The [[USFS]]'s mission is to maintain and improve the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands, and focuses on managing vegetation, restoring ecosystems, reducing hazards, and maintaining forest health <ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/forestmanagement/ U.S Forest Service [Cited March 2021]]</ref>. As of 2014, 103 California Condors were surveyed in [[Los Padres National Forest (LPNF)|LPNF]] <ref> [https://lpfw.org/our-region/wildlife/california-condor/ Los Padres Forest Watch [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Additionally, within the southern region of [[LPNF]] lies the [[Sespe Condor Sanctuary]] which provides critical protected habitat for the [[California Condor]], making the [[USFS]] an ideal partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
  
; [[United States Army lands and activities in California's Central Coast Region | United States Army]]: The Department of Defense's Army Department owns and manages over 223,200 acres of land in the [[California Central Coast Region]] that would potentially fall within the Range of the Condor NHA. This land is primarily used for the training and education of members of the U.S. Army. The Department of Defense and the [[The Conservation Fund]] have partnered to prevent residential encroachment near military boundaries, create buffer projects to preserve habitat, provide supportive education, and assist with regional planning. The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] is also the leading federal agency pursuing civil works projects ranging from flood control to ecosystem restoration and has a significant reach and impact on the nation's natural resources and aquatic ecosystems. It oversees thousands of civil works projects and the Clean Water Act 404 Regulatory Program <ref> [https://www.conservationfund.org/our-work/conservation-fund-partnerships/federal-conservation-partnerships/u-s-department-of-defense U.S. Department of Defense. The Conservation Fund. [Cited March 2021]]</ref>. The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] may be an organizational partner in coordinating the management of the NHA with the U.S. Army and other agencies.  
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; [[United States Army lands and activities in California's Central Coast Region | United States Army]]: The Department of Defense's Army Department owns and manages over 223,200 acres of land in the [[California Central Coast Region]] that would potentially fall within the Range of the Condor NHA. This land is primarily used for the training and education of members of the U.S. Army. The Department of Defense and the [[The Conservation Fund]] have partnered to prevent residential encroachment near military boundaries, create buffer projects to preserve habitat, provide supportive education, and assist with regional planning. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)]] is also the leading federal agency pursuing civil works projects ranging from flood control to ecosystem restoration and has a significant reach and impact on the nation's natural resources and aquatic ecosystems. It oversees thousands of civil works projects and the Clean Water Act 404 Regulatory Program <ref> [https://www.conservationfund.org/our-work/conservation-fund-partnerships/federal-conservation-partnerships/u-s-department-of-defense U.S. Department of Defense. The Conservation Fund. [Cited March 2021]]</ref>. [[United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)| USACE]] may be an organizational partner in coordinating the management of the NHA with the U.S. Army and other agencies.  
  
; [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]: [[NOAA]] manages over 7,500 square miles of coastal ocean along the [[California Central Coast]] within the [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]] and [[Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary]]. These marine sanctuaries exemplify the strong connection between California's [[Central Coast]] region and protection of the natural environment, and they generate large amounts of tourism and recreational revenue by drawing interest to the beauty of this region. [[NOAA]] conducts large-scale research and monitoring programs along the coast, and collaborates with many [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|local research institutions and organizations]] to promote environmental stewardship and future resiliency. The NOAA [[National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)]] also manages commercial and recreational fisheries within the [[Central Coast]] region and is responsible for issuing permits related to the [[Endangered Species Act]]. [[NMFS]] coordinates with [[Regional Fishery Management Councils]] and other local partners, funds fisheries research, and provides jobs to many coastal-dependent communities. California Condors rely on heathy coastal ecosystems to provide the carrion of marine mammals such as whales and sea lions that wash up on the beaches of the [[Central Coast Region]].<ref>https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Condor/lifehistory</ref>
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; [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]: [[NOAA]] manages over 7,500 square miles of coastal ocean along the [[California Central Coast]] within the [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]] and [[Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary]]. These marine sanctuaries exemplify the strong connection between California's [[Central Coast]] region and protection of the natural environment, and they generate large amounts of tourism and recreational revenue by drawing interest to the beauty of this region. [[NOAA]] conducts large-scale research and monitoring programs along the coast, and collaborates with many [[Organizations involved in the management of California's Central Coast Region|local research institutions and organizations]] to promote environmental stewardship and future resiliency. The NOAA [[National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)]] also manages commercial and recreational fisheries within the [[Central Coast]] region and is responsible for issuing permits related to the [[Endangered Species Act]]. [[NMFS]] coordinates with [[Regional Fishery Management Councils]] and other local partners, funds fisheries research, and provides jobs to many coastal-dependent communities. California Condors rely on healthy coastal ecosystems to provide the carrion of marine mammals such as whales and sea lions that wash up on the beaches of the [[Central Coast Region]].<ref>https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Condor/lifehistory</ref>
  
 
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; [[Native Americans in California's Central Coast Region|Native American Tribes]]: The [[California Condor]] has been an important symbol for Native Americans that represents the wilderness heritage of the [[Central Coast Region]]. It has been regarded as the "most impressive and majestic flying bird in North America," and has captured the attention of Native peoples throughout its history <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. The proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area would span at least a dozen different pre-contact tribal lands, <ref> [https://aimfireriversideca.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/calprecontact.gif California Tribal Communities [Cited March 2021]] </ref> and would encompass several [[Lands_that_could_potentially_be_encompassed_by_the_Range_of_the_Condor_National_Heritage_Area#Tribal_land|current reservations and rancherias]]<ref> [https://www3.epa.gov/region9/air/maps/ca_tribe.html California Tribal Lands [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Archaeologists have found evidence to suggest the use of California Condors during rituals of early peoples in California, and other ceremonies included dancers wearing capes of condor skins and feathers <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Some Native peoples believed condors could "infuse" them with special powers. For example, because of the condor's extraordinary eyesight, some tribes within the [[California Central Coast Region]] believed wearing cloaks of condor feathers would grant them powers to find lost valuables and people <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. In 2018, the [[Esselen Tribe of Monterey County]] received a grant from the [[California Natural Resources Agency]] that allowed them to reclaim a 1,199-acre ranch along the northern slopes of the Little Sur River. This sacred land will be used by tribal members for traditional ceremonies, native plant gatherings, and the repatriation of tribal members. The Esselen Tribe's partnership with the [[Western Rivers Conservancy]] to conserve the native plants and wildlife of the land represents an important natural and cultural conservation success in the [[Central Coast Region]] <ref> [https://www.esselentribe.org/our-land Esselen Tribal Lands Conservation Project [Cited March 2021]] </ref>.
; [[Native Americans in California's Central Coast Region|Native American Tribes]]: The [[California Condor]] has been an important symbol for Native Americans that represents the wilderness heritage of the [[Central Coast Region]]. It has been regarded as the "most impressive and majestic flying bird in North America," and has captured the attention of Native peoples throughout its history <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. The proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area would span at least a dozen different pre-contact tribal lands, <ref> [https://aimfireriversideca.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/calprecontact.gif California Tribal Communities [Cited March 2021]] </ref> and would encompass several [[Lands_that_could_potentially_be_encompassed_by_the_Range_of_the_Condor_National_Heritage_Area#Tribal_land|current reservations and rancherias]]<ref> [https://www3.epa.gov/region9/air/maps/ca_tribe.html California Tribal Lands [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Archaeologists have found evidence to suggest the use of California Condors during rituals of early peoples in California, and other ceremonies included dancers wearing capes of condor skins and feathers <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. Some Native peoples believed condors could "infuse" them with special powers. For example, because of the condor's extraordinary eyesight, some tribes within the [[California Central Coast Region]] believed wearing cloaks of condor feathers would grant them powers to find lost valuables and people <ref> [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23527 Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]] </ref>. In 2018, the [[Esselen Tribe of Monterey County]] received a grant from the [[California Natural Resources Agency]] that allowed them to reclaim a 1,199-acre ranch along the northern slopes of the Little Sur River. This sacred land will be used by tribal members for traditional ceremonies, native plant gathering and repatriation of tribal members. The Esselen Tribe's partnership with the [[Western Rivers Conservancy]] to conserve the native plants and wildlife of the land represents an important natural and cultural conservation success in the [[Central Coast Region]] <ref> [https://www.esselentribe.org/our-land Esselen Tribal Lands Conservation Project [Cited March 2021]] </ref>.
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; [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] manages over 69,000 acres of land in the [[California Central Coast Region]] that would be encompassed by the Range of the Condor NHA. These areas include the [[Big Sandy Ecological Reserve]], the [[Carrizo Plains Ecological Reserve]], and the [[Semitropic Ecological Preserve]]. The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] also manages wildlife on [[U.S. Army]] properties including [[Fort Hunter Liggett]] where hunters and fisherman can purchase an annual permit for $125 to access the property (as of 2021), any harvested animals have a tooth and hair samples taken for age and other biological analysis. There is also a region-wide reporting program in place to report sick or injured animals to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]]. Through this program, they are able to keep biological health records of specific animal populations in the area and can track disease spread. This kind of watch program is essential when assisting in the re-establishment of a species population, such as the [[California Condor]]. This partnership with wildlife management on the [[U.S. Army]] lands allows the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] to have a broader scope of collaboration with varying agencies within the proposed Range of the Condor NHA.
 
; [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]]: The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] manages over 69,000 acres of land in the [[California Central Coast Region]] that would be encompassed by the Range of the Condor NHA. These areas include the [[Big Sandy Ecological Reserve]], the [[Carrizo Plains Ecological Reserve]], and the [[Semitropic Ecological Preserve]]. The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] also manages wildlife on [[U.S. Army]] properties including [[Fort Hunter Liggett]] where hunters and fisherman can purchase an annual permit for $125 to access the property (as of 2021), any harvested animals have a tooth and hair samples taken for age and other biological analysis. There is also a region-wide reporting program in place to report sick or injured animals to the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]]. Through this program, they are able to keep biological health records of specific animal populations in the area and can track disease spread. This kind of watch program is essential when assisting in the re-establishment of a species population, such as the [[California Condor]]. This partnership with wildlife management on the [[U.S. Army]] lands allows the [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)|CDFW]] to have a broader scope of collaboration with varying agencies within the proposed Range of the Condor NHA.
  
; [[Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Non-Profit Organizations in California's Central Coast Region|Non-profit organizations]] :  
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; [[Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other Non-Profit Organizations in California's Central Coast Region|Non-profit organizations]]:  
 
*[[Los Padres Forest Association]]
 
*[[Los Padres Forest Association]]
 
*[[Ventana Wildlife Society]]
 
*[[Ventana Wildlife Society]]
 
*[[Ventana Wilderness Alliance]]
 
*[[Ventana Wilderness Alliance]]
 
*[[Condor Trail Association (CTA)|Condor Trail Association]]
 
*[[Condor Trail Association (CTA)|Condor Trail Association]]
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; [[Private Landowners with Conservation Easements]]: Private landowners who seek to partner with the NHA can place a conservation easement on their property and could waive the right to develop or mine their land. Landowner partners would retain the ownership and use of their land. <ref>[https://www.condorrange.org/about.html Range of the Condor - About] </ref> In [[California's Central Coast Region | California's Central Coast region]], a notable example of this form of partnership is the Hearst Ranch Conservation Easement in an agreement with the State of California. <ref>http://www.hearstranch.com/conservation/ Hearst Ranch] </ref>
  
 
== Links ==
 
== Links ==

Latest revision as of 19:51, 28 March 2021

A organizational summary by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.

Overview

The Range of the Condor National Heritage Area (RCNHA) is a proposed new National Heritage Area (NHA) spanning an area defined by the current range of the California Condor.

This NHA designation would facilitate collaboration between stakeholders (including government agencies and non-governmental organizations) for preservation, maintenance, project planning, and other land management duties throughout the area. NHAs also receive advising from the National Park Service (NPS) on technical and planning issues, as well as limited financial assistance.

Vision

The vision for the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area includes all the traditional benefits NHAs confer to a region, in addition to novel assets at this particular area, including:

  • Preservation of habitat, especially for animals significant to the area's heritage like California Condors.
  • Continuity between the Range of the Condor NHA and adjacent protected lands and coastal waters, offering exciting opportunities for research and recreation across uninterrupted wildlands, from the mountains to the sea.
  • Increased public access to land via new and improved trails, educational programs, and more.
  • Bolstered economic activity and jobs, including eco-tourism and new project development, throughout the region.
  • Public education on wildfires, fostering a new public attitude towards fires and fire management.
  • Completion of The Condor Trail, which could be an iconic feature of the NHA and the State of California.
  • Construction of a 'University Trail' running between state universities in Monterey Bay and San Luis Obispo.

Management

NHAs across the country differ in their operational structure. The NHA designation by Congress doesn't dictate a specific organizational hierarchy; only the oversight role of the National Park Service. Thus, new NHAs can look to existing ones for organizational blueprints, in addition to developing their own system that works locally. Some components of NHAs relevant to the Range of the Condor NHA are listed within the comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas. A range of goals and missions of all existing NHAs can be found in the missions, planning, and administration section.

Local Coordinating Entities

NHAs are managed by Local Coordinating Entities (LCEs). The LCE can be a non-profit organization or a non-federal governmental organization. LCE responsibilities include creating the NHA management plan, finding external funding, and overseeing cooperation between partner organizations.

Examples of responsibilities of LCEs managing a NHA[1]

  • Promoting heritage-based tourism within the area
  • Developing educational programs based on the historical context of the region
  • Restoration and conservation of the Heritage area
  • Rehabilitating historic buildings

The Non-Profit LCE option

Most NHAs are managed by non-profit organizations acting as the LCE (see Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas). Examples include:

If the RCNHA is to be managed by a non-governmental organization, then this role could be played by the existing Conservancy for the Range of the Condor or by a new non-profit established specifically to function as the LCE for the RCNHA.

Governmental LCE

Some NHAs are managed by non-federal government organizations acting as the LCE (see Comparative table of selected National Heritage Areas). Examples include:

Note that federal organizations do not act as LCEs because this is contrary to the intent of having a Local Coordinating Entity.

If the RCNHA is be managed by a government organization, then logical choices for the LCE might be CDFW or State Parks. CDFW is responsible for managing numerous Special Status Species in the Central Coast Region. CDFW is also the agency that works with the U.S Army to manage hunting and fishing on Army bases, such as Fort Hunter Liggett.

Partnerships

NHA creation generally requires cooperation between multiple agencies, which may be established through a Memorandum of Understanding, Memorandum of Agreement, or a Joint Powers Agreement. These agreements would be between the NPS, the LCE, and any other partner organizations. MOU agreements have been used to create other NHAs in the United States, such as the Mormon Pioneer NHA and the Great Basin NHA [2].

JPAs are widely used for various purposes in the California Central Coast Region.

Operational function

The operational function of the RCNHA could involve:

  • Implementation of the NHA management plan
  • Regular meetings among partners
  • Public outreach and promotion of the NHA vision
  • Procurement of external funding
  • Restoration and preservation of habitat
  • Planning for increase public access to public land
  • Construction of facilities such as trail heads and trails such as the Condor Trail
  • Hosting conferences, workshops, & seminars on condors, land management, wildfire etc.
  • Facilitation of research

Leadership

The Range of the Condor National Heritage Area is proposed by the Conservancy for the Range of the Condor and former Congressman Sam Farr.

Key Partners

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There are many organizations that manage land and wildlife within the proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area. These organizations and their potential roles are summarized below, with further details tabulated in a separate page.

National Park Service (NPS)
The NPS manages approximately 513,150 acres of land within the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. Parks within this area include Pinnacles National Park, Channel Islands National Park, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI), Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, and César E. Chávez National Monument. The NPS is also the federal agency in charge of general National Heritage Area oversight, assisting in funding and helping with cohesive management within the local communities.
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
The BLM manages over 85,000 acres of habitat conservation areas and other public lands in the California's Central Coast Region, including Fort Ord National Monument (FONM), California Coastal National Monument (CCNM), Carrizo Plain National Monument, and Clear Creek Management Area (CCMA). The National Monuments and Special Management Areas are located in geographically important habitats for the historic range of the California Condor and as a result, would be valuable corridors within the Range of the Condor NHA.
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
Since 1992, USFWS has operated the California Condor Recovery Program, which breeds and reintroduces California Condors to the wild. The USFWS also manages designated critical habitat for the California Tiger Salamander, and the Pacific Southwest Region office previously worked with state agencies to create a species recovery plan that started in 2017. The USFWS also manages the National Wildlife Refuge System, which consists of a total of 26,303 acres out of the seven wildlife refuges in the Range of the Condor National Heritage Area. Due to its involvement in the California Condor Recovery Program, and its role in Central Coast conservation and management, the USFWS would be a strong partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
United States Forest Service (USFS)
The USFS manages 4,222,701 acres of National Forest land that are partially located in the proposed area for the Range of the Condor NHA. These forests include Los Padres National Forest (LPNF), Angeles National Forest, San Bernardino National Forest, and Sequoia National Forest. The USFS's mission is to maintain and improve the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands, and focuses on managing vegetation, restoring ecosystems, reducing hazards, and maintaining forest health [3]. As of 2014, 103 California Condors were surveyed in LPNF [4]. Additionally, within the southern region of LPNF lies the Sespe Condor Sanctuary which provides critical protected habitat for the California Condor, making the USFS an ideal partner for the Range of the Condor NHA.
United States Army
The Department of Defense's Army Department owns and manages over 223,200 acres of land in the California Central Coast Region that would potentially fall within the Range of the Condor NHA. This land is primarily used for the training and education of members of the U.S. Army. The Department of Defense and the The Conservation Fund have partnered to prevent residential encroachment near military boundaries, create buffer projects to preserve habitat, provide supportive education, and assist with regional planning. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is also the leading federal agency pursuing civil works projects ranging from flood control to ecosystem restoration and has a significant reach and impact on the nation's natural resources and aquatic ecosystems. It oversees thousands of civil works projects and the Clean Water Act 404 Regulatory Program [5]. USACE may be an organizational partner in coordinating the management of the NHA with the U.S. Army and other agencies.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA manages over 7,500 square miles of coastal ocean along the California Central Coast within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. These marine sanctuaries exemplify the strong connection between California's Central Coast region and protection of the natural environment, and they generate large amounts of tourism and recreational revenue by drawing interest to the beauty of this region. NOAA conducts large-scale research and monitoring programs along the coast, and collaborates with many local research institutions and organizations to promote environmental stewardship and future resiliency. The NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) also manages commercial and recreational fisheries within the Central Coast region and is responsible for issuing permits related to the Endangered Species Act. NMFS coordinates with Regional Fishery Management Councils and other local partners, funds fisheries research, and provides jobs to many coastal-dependent communities. California Condors rely on healthy coastal ecosystems to provide the carrion of marine mammals such as whales and sea lions that wash up on the beaches of the Central Coast Region.[6]
Native American Tribes
The California Condor has been an important symbol for Native Americans that represents the wilderness heritage of the Central Coast Region. It has been regarded as the "most impressive and majestic flying bird in North America," and has captured the attention of Native peoples throughout its history [7]. The proposed Range of the Condor National Heritage Area would span at least a dozen different pre-contact tribal lands, [8] and would encompass several current reservations and rancherias[9]. Archaeologists have found evidence to suggest the use of California Condors during rituals of early peoples in California, and other ceremonies included dancers wearing capes of condor skins and feathers [10]. Some Native peoples believed condors could "infuse" them with special powers. For example, because of the condor's extraordinary eyesight, some tribes within the California Central Coast Region believed wearing cloaks of condor feathers would grant them powers to find lost valuables and people [11]. In 2018, the Esselen Tribe of Monterey County received a grant from the California Natural Resources Agency that allowed them to reclaim a 1,199-acre ranch along the northern slopes of the Little Sur River. This sacred land will be used by tribal members for traditional ceremonies, native plant gatherings, and the repatriation of tribal members. The Esselen Tribe's partnership with the Western Rivers Conservancy to conserve the native plants and wildlife of the land represents an important natural and cultural conservation success in the Central Coast Region [12].
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)
The CDFW manages over 69,000 acres of land in the California Central Coast Region that would be encompassed by the Range of the Condor NHA. These areas include the Big Sandy Ecological Reserve, the Carrizo Plains Ecological Reserve, and the Semitropic Ecological Preserve. The CDFW also manages wildlife on U.S. Army properties including Fort Hunter Liggett where hunters and fisherman can purchase an annual permit for $125 to access the property (as of 2021), any harvested animals have a tooth and hair samples taken for age and other biological analysis. There is also a region-wide reporting program in place to report sick or injured animals to the CDFW. Through this program, they are able to keep biological health records of specific animal populations in the area and can track disease spread. This kind of watch program is essential when assisting in the re-establishment of a species population, such as the California Condor. This partnership with wildlife management on the U.S. Army lands allows the CDFW to have a broader scope of collaboration with varying agencies within the proposed Range of the Condor NHA.
Non-profit organizations
Private Landowners with Conservation Easements
Private landowners who seek to partner with the NHA can place a conservation easement on their property and could waive the right to develop or mine their land. Landowner partners would retain the ownership and use of their land. [13] In California's Central Coast region, a notable example of this form of partnership is the Hearst Ranch Conservation Easement in an agreement with the State of California. [14]

Links

References

  1. Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area [Cited March 2021]
  2. From Skepticism to Support: National Heritage Areas in the West [Cited March 2021]
  3. U.S Forest Service [Cited March 2021]
  4. Los Padres Forest Watch [Cited March 2021]
  5. U.S. Department of Defense. The Conservation Fund. [Cited March 2021]
  6. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Condor/lifehistory
  7. Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]
  8. California Tribal Communities [Cited March 2021]
  9. California Tribal Lands [Cited March 2021]
  10. Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]
  11. Wings of the Spirit: California Condor [Cited March 2021]
  12. Esselen Tribal Lands Conservation Project [Cited March 2021]
  13. Range of the Condor - About
  14. http://www.hearstranch.com/conservation/ Hearst Ranch]

Disclaimer

This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.