Difference between revisions of "Solar Farms in the California Central Coast Region"

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(Existing)
(Environmental Impacts)
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===Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions===
 
===Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions===
 
===California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Solar Farms===
 
===California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Solar Farms===
The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] created the ''Renewable Energy Program'' to facilitate between the state's need for renewable energy and maintenance of natural resources. The Renewable Energy Program enforces compliance and grants permits renegading the [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]].<ref>[https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Renewable-Energy CDFW]</ref>
+
The [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]] created the ''Renewable Energy Program'' to facilitate between the state's need for renewable energy and maintenance of natural resources. The Renewable Energy Program enforces compliance and grants permits related to the [[California Endangered Species Act (CESA)]]<ref>[https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Renewable-Energy CDFW]</ref>.
  
 
===Biological assessment of California Valley Solar Ranch in the Carrizo Plain===
 
===Biological assessment of California Valley Solar Ranch in the Carrizo Plain===
  
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Loan Guarantee Program Office selected SunPower's application for due dilligence review on August 27, 2010. This process made all components of the then-proposed California Valley Solar Ranch subject to [[NEPA]] Compliance. Additionally, the DOE determined that the construction and operation of the proposed California Valley Ranch could affect species listed under the [[Federal Endangered Species Act]]. The DOE request for an environmental consultation of the proposed site conducted by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)]] under Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA.
+
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Loan Guarantee Program Office selected SunPower's application for due diligence review on August 27, 2010. This process made all components of the then-proposed California Valley Solar Ranch subject to [[NEPA]] Compliance. Additionally, the DOE determined that the construction and operation of the proposed California Valley Ranch could affect species listed under the [[Federal Endangered Species Act]]. The DOE requested an environmental consultation of the proposed site, which was conducted by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)]] under Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA.
  
Part of the environmental consultation involved assessing the presence of federally threatened and endangered species. The consultation revealed the presence of several species of concern.<ref>[https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/04/f14/CVSR_BA_11_08_10_Final.pdf Department of Energy]</ref>  
+
Part of the environmental consultation involved assessing the presence of federally threatened and endangered species. The consultation revealed the presence of several species of concern<ref>[https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/04/f14/CVSR_BA_11_08_10_Final.pdf Department of Energy]</ref>.
  
SunPower worked with environmental consulting firm [http://www.harveyecology.com/ H.T Harvey & Associates] in order to enact proper monitoring and mitigation for these species and pertinent habitat.<ref>[http://www.harveyecology.com/california-valley-solar-ranch-project H.T Harvey & Associates]</ref>
+
SunPower worked with environmental consulting firm [http://www.harveyecology.com/ H.T Harvey & Associates] in order to enact proper monitoring and mitigation for these species and pertinent habitat<ref>[http://www.harveyecology.com/california-valley-solar-ranch-project H.T Harvey & Associates]</ref>.
  
 
====Animal species====
 
====Animal species====
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[[Image: Foxes CarrizoPlain.JPG|350px|thumb|right|San Joaquin kit foxes near a solar farm in the Carrizo Plain. Image from USFWS: [https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/outreach/featured-stories/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain.htm]]]
 
[[Image: Foxes CarrizoPlain.JPG|350px|thumb|right|San Joaquin kit foxes near a solar farm in the Carrizo Plain. Image from USFWS: [https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/outreach/featured-stories/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain.htm]]]
  
On September 2, 2011, the CDFW issued a State [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)|Incidental Take Permit]] (2081-2011-04-04) in response to the presence of San Joaquin kit fox (''Vulpes macrotis mutica'') in the proposed Topaz Solar Farm location. The Incidental Take Permit designated 12,147 acres of "mitigation lands" to serve as habitat for several threatened and endangered species.<ref>[https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=78198 (CDFW) California Department of Fish and Wildlife (US). 2013. Topaz Solar Farm Conservation Lands Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan. Annual Report. Fresno (CA): CDFW. Available from: Topaz Preserve HMMP - Annual Report June 2013]</ref>
+
On September 2, 2011, the CDFW issued a State [[Incidental Take Permits (ITPs)|Incidental Take Permit]] (2081-2011-04-04) in response to the presence of San Joaquin kit fox (''Vulpes macrotis mutica'') in the proposed Topaz Solar Farm location. The Incidental Take Permit designated 12,147 acres of "mitigation lands" to serve as habitat for several threatened and endangered species<ref>[https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=78198 (CDFW) California Department of Fish and Wildlife (US). 2013. Topaz Solar Farm Conservation Lands Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan. Annual Report. Fresno (CA): CDFW. Available from: Topaz Preserve HMMP - Annual Report June 2013]</ref>.
 
   
 
   
  
The report notes that more species than those listed could be impacted by solar farms in the Carrizo Plain as the region has highest concentration of threatened and endangered species in the state.<ref>[https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/carrizo-plain.xml The Nature Conservancy]</ref> Both SunPower and First Solar are committed to protecting biological diversity and have created conservation plants to protect habitat for these species.<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/outreach/featured-stories/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain.htm USFWS]</ref>
+
The report notes that more species than those listed could be impacted by solar farms in the Carrizo Plain, as the region has highest concentration of threatened and endangered species in the state<ref>[https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/placesweprotect/carrizo-plain.xml The Nature Conservancy]</ref>. Both SunPower and First Solar claim to be committed to protecting biological diversity and have created conservation plants to protect habitat for these species<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/outreach/featured-stories/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain/RenewableEnergy-CarrizoPlain.htm USFWS]</ref>.
  
 
====Animal species====
 
====Animal species====
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| Present
 
| Present
 
| Federally and state endangered
 
| Federally and state endangered
| Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species.  
+
| Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species.  
 
| Secure the Ciervo‐Panoche Region from incompatible land uses
 
| Secure the Ciervo‐Panoche Region from incompatible land uses
 
|-
 
|-
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| Present
 
| Present
 
| Federally and state endangered; state fully protected
 
| Federally and state endangered; state fully protected
| Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species.  
+
| Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species.  
 
| 6,000 contiguous acres of occupied habitat within the Ciervo‐Panoche area needs to be secured from incompatible uses.
 
| 6,000 contiguous acres of occupied habitat within the Ciervo‐Panoche area needs to be secured from incompatible uses.
 
|}
 
|}
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====Plant species====
 
====Plant species====
  
The proposed site also has the potential to support several special status plant species.<ref>[http://www.cosb.us/Solargen/feir/c06_biology.pdf San Benito County]</ref> These species include:  
+
The proposed site also has the potential to support several special status plant species<ref>[http://www.cosb.us/Solargen/feir/c06_biology.pdf San Benito County]</ref>. These species include:  
 
   
 
   
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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===Scenic impacts===
 
===Scenic impacts===
  
Solar farms can affect scenic views and alter landscape aesthetics. The panels and arrays have the potential to degrade the visual character or quality of the landscape.<ref>[ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/cluster-I-solar/06ch3-aesthetics.pdf Imperial County Planning and Department Services Department]</ref> A way to reduce aesthetic impacts is to build low-lying solar arrays, as the case with the proposed solar farm in Monterey County.<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20151130/NEWS/151139988 Monterey Herald]</ref>
+
Solar farms can affect scenic views and alter landscape aesthetics. The panels and arrays have the potential to degrade the visual character or quality of the landscape<ref>[ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/cluster-I-solar/06ch3-aesthetics.pdf Imperial County Planning and Department Services Department]</ref>. A way to reduce aesthetic impacts is to build low-lying solar arrays, as is the case with the proposed solar farm in Monterey County.<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20151130/NEWS/151139988 Monterey Herald]</ref>
  
 
==Impacts on land usage and agriculture==
 
==Impacts on land usage and agriculture==

Revision as of 13:35, 8 April 2017

Topaz Solar Farm in San Luis Obispo County. Image from Gigaom: [1]

This page discusses solar farms in the central coast region.

Summary

Solar farms, also referred to as photovoltaic power stations or solar parks, are large-scale arrangements of solar panels designed to supply energy into the power grid. These energy sources convert solar energy into electric energy that can be transferred to consumers.

Currently, there are two large-scale solar farms in California's Central Coast Region. Two additional solar farms are in the process of being built: one in Monterey County and a second in San Benito County.

While different forms of technology are used in solar farms, the types present in the Central Coast region) are listed in Photovoltaic technology in California's Central Coast Region.

Locations in the Central Coast Region

Existing

Name Location Date Completed Acres Energy capacity Developer Technology Equivalent # of homes powered
California Valley Solar Ranch[1] San Luis Obispo County (Carrizo Plain) October 2013 1500 250 MWac SunPower PV single axis tracking arrays[2] 100,000
Topaz Solar Farm[3][4] San Luis Obispo County (Carrizo Plain) November 2014 4700 550 MWac First Solar PV arrays, fixed at 25 degree angle[5] 160,000

Proposed

California Flats Solar Project

Artist rendition of proposed California Flats Solar Project. Image from 9to5mac: [2]

First Solar has proposed building a 2,900-acre 280 megawatt AC solar park in Monterey County's Cholame Valley. The proposed project is estimated to bring in 300 construction and 11 ongoing operational jobs into the County. Once completed, the park would generate a power output estimated to cover the energy needs of 100,000 homes per year and would displace 109,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.[6]

Apple has partnered with First Solar and has committed approximately $850 million to help build the California Flats Solar Project. The tech company stated that environmental concerns over climate change drove them to invest in green energy alternatives. Apple plans to power both Cupertino campuses and all 52 Apple stores in the state with energy from the California Flats Solar Farm.[7]

Panoche Valley Solar

Proposed location of Panoche Valley Solar Farm. Image from San Benito county: [3]

Duke Energy, a large-scale developer, owner and operator of renewable energy projects across the state plans to build the Panoche Valley Solar Farm in the San Benito County's Panoche Valley. Once fully operational, the farm would generate an estimated 247 megawatts of energy.[8] The energy output would be enough to power an average of 90,000 homes a year and would displace 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year.[9]

Duke Energy's proposed plan also includes plans of setting aside land for mitigation purposes. In total, Duke Energy plans on using 26,000 acres for its farm. Fewer than 2,500 acres will consist of solar farms and the remainder will be used for mitigation. The plan proposes a 9:1 conservation to mitigation land use ratio.[10]

Environmental Impacts

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Solar Farms

The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) created the Renewable Energy Program to facilitate between the state's need for renewable energy and maintenance of natural resources. The Renewable Energy Program enforces compliance and grants permits related to the California Endangered Species Act (CESA)[11].

Biological assessment of California Valley Solar Ranch in the Carrizo Plain

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Loan Guarantee Program Office selected SunPower's application for due diligence review on August 27, 2010. This process made all components of the then-proposed California Valley Solar Ranch subject to NEPA Compliance. Additionally, the DOE determined that the construction and operation of the proposed California Valley Ranch could affect species listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act. The DOE requested an environmental consultation of the proposed site, which was conducted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) under Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA.

Part of the environmental consultation involved assessing the presence of federally threatened and endangered species. The consultation revealed the presence of several species of concern[12].

SunPower worked with environmental consulting firm H.T Harvey & Associates in order to enact proper monitoring and mitigation for these species and pertinent habitat[13].

Animal species

Common name Scientific name Status in California
San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis mutica Federally endangered; state threatened
giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens Federally and state endangered
giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens Federally and state endangered
longhorn fairy shrimp Branchinecta longiantenna Federally endangered
vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp Branchinecta lynchi Federally endangered
Kern Primrose sphinx moth Euproserpinus euterpe Federally threatened
blunt‐nosed leopard lizard Gambelia sila Federally and state endangered
California condor Gymnogyps californianus Federally and state endangered
Mountain plover Charadrius montanus California species of concern; federally threatened candidate

Plant species

Common name Scientific name Status in California
California jewel-flower Caulanthus californicus Federally and state endangered
San Joaquin woollythreads Monolopia congdonii Federally endangered, CNPS List 1B

Environmental review of Topaz Farm in the Carrizo Plain

San Joaquin kit foxes near a solar farm in the Carrizo Plain. Image from USFWS: [4]

On September 2, 2011, the CDFW issued a State Incidental Take Permit (2081-2011-04-04) in response to the presence of San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in the proposed Topaz Solar Farm location. The Incidental Take Permit designated 12,147 acres of "mitigation lands" to serve as habitat for several threatened and endangered species[14].


The report notes that more species than those listed could be impacted by solar farms in the Carrizo Plain, as the region has highest concentration of threatened and endangered species in the state[15]. Both SunPower and First Solar claim to be committed to protecting biological diversity and have created conservation plants to protect habitat for these species[16].

Animal species

Common name Scientific name
San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis mutica
blunt-nosed leopard lizard Gambelia sila
giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens
listed fairy shrimp Branchinecta lynchi
Nelson’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni
mountain plover Charadrius montanus
burrowing owl Athene cunicularia
pronghorn Antilocapra americana
tule elk Cervus canadensis nannodes

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) notes that additional species of concern include:[17]

Common name Scientific name
longhorn fairy shrimp Branchinecta longiantenna
golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos
long-billed curlfew Numenius americanus
loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus

Plant species

The CDFW Vegetation Community Mapping Program (VegCAMP) conducted botanical surveys in 2013 and 2014 in order to assess the presence of rare plants in the solar farm site. However, VegCAMP was unable to adequately assess vegetation both years due to low levels of plant germination, likely due to low levels of precipitation. A more comprehensive survey is slated for a year with higher levels of rainfall.[18][19]

Environmental review of California Flats Solar Project in the Cholame Valley

The final EIR for the California Flats Solar Project was released by Monterey County in December 2014. The EIR listed several plant and animal species of concern that can be found or have the potential to be found in the proposed solar farm site.

Animal species

Common name Scientific name
coast horned lizard Phrynosoma blainvillii
golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos
tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor
short-eared owl Asio flammeus
burrowing owl Athene cunicularia
bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus
grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum
long-eared owl Asio otus
mountain plover Charadrius montanus
northern harrier Circus cyaneus
whitetailed kite Elanus leucurus
Oregon vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus affinis
San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis mutica
American badger Taxidea taxus
Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus
western mastiff bat Eumops perotis californicus
San Joaquin pocket mouse Perognathus inornatus inornatus

Plant species

Common name Scientific name
Small-flowered morning glory Convolvulus simulans
Rattan’s cryptantha Cryptantha rattanii
diamond-petaled California poppy Eschscholzia rhombipetala
Diablo Range hare-leaf Lagophylla diaboloensis

Environmental review of Panoche Valley Solar Farm in the Carrizo Plain

Animal species

An environmental impact report (EIR) by San Benito County assessed the effects of the proposed solar farm on three present endangered species.[20] The results of the (EIR) are summarized in the table below.

Common Name Scientific Name Potential to occur Status in California Impact of Panoche Valley Solar Farm Proposed mitigation
San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis mutica Present Federally endangered; state threatened Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species. Prioritize habitat in the Ciervo-Panoche and Kern County as that would be the least expensive way to protect large tracts of habitat
giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens Present Federally and state endangered Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species. Secure the Ciervo‐Panoche Region from incompatible land uses
blunt‐nosed leopard lizard Gambelia sila Present Federally and state endangered; state fully protected Threatens high priority habitat important for long term survival and recovery of species. 6,000 contiguous acres of occupied habitat within the Ciervo‐Panoche area needs to be secured from incompatible uses.

Additionally, several other invertebrate and vertebrate species occur or have the potential to occur in the proposed solar farm site. These organisms include:

Common name Scientific name Potential to occur Status in California
longhorn Fairy Shrimp Branchinecta longiantenna Not likely to occur Federally endangered
vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp Branchinecta lynchi Present Federally threatened
Southwestern pond turtle Actinemys marmorata pallida Not likely to occur California species of special concern
silvery legless lizard Anniella pulchra pulchra Not likely to occur California species of special concern
San Joaquin coachwhip Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Present California species of special concern
coast horned lizard Phrynosoma blainvillii Present California species of special concern
California red-legged frog Rana draytonii Not likely to occur Federally and state protected
two-striped garter snake Thamnophis hammondii Not likely to occur California species of concern
California tiger salamander Ambystoma californiense Present Federally threatened; state threatened candidate
western spadefoot toad Spea hammondii Moderate California species of concern
tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor Present California species of concern
grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Moderate California species of concern
golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Present State fully protected
short-eared owl Asio flammeus High California species of concern
long-eared owl Asio otus Low California species of concern
Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia Present California species of concern
Swainson’s hawk Buteo swainsonii Low State threatened
mountain plover Charadrius montanus Present California species of concern; federally threatened candidate
northern harrier Circus cyaneus Present California species of concern; federally threatened candidate
white-tailed kite Elanus leucurus Low State fully protected
California condor Gymnogyps californianus Moderate Federally and state endangered
bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Not likely to occur Federally protected; state endangered
Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus Present California species of concern
Oregon vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus affinis High California species of concern
yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Not likely to occur California species of concern
San Joaquin antelope squirrel Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Not likely to occur California species of concern
pallid bat Antrozous pallidus High California species of concern
Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii Low California species of concern
short-nosed kangaroo rat Dipodomys nitratoides brevinasus High California species of concern
western mastiff bat Eumops perotis Moderate California species of concern
Tulare grasshopper mouse Onychomys torridus tularensis Low California species of concern
American badger Taxidea taxus Present California species of concern

Plant species

The proposed site also has the potential to support several special status plant species[21]. These species include:

Common name Scientific name Potential to occur Status in California
forked fiddleneck Amsinckia vernicosa var. furcata High Fairly endangered
California androsace Androsace elongata ssp. Acuta Moderate Fairly endangered
Salinas milkvetch Astragalus macrodon Low Not very endangered
Heartscale Atriplex cordulata Low Fairly endangered
Crownscale Atriplex coronate var. coronate Low Fairly endangered
Brittlescale Atriplex depressa Low Fairly endangered
San Joaquin spearscale Atriplex joaquiniana Low Fairly endangered
Lesser saltscale Atriplex minuscule Low Seriously endangered
Subtle orache Atriplex subtilis Low Fairly endangered
lost hills crownscale Atriplex vallicola Low Fairly endangered
Big tarplant Blepharizonia plumose Low Seriously endangered
round-leaved filaree California macrophylla Low Seriously endangered
California jewel-flower Caulanthus californicus Moderate Seriously endangered
Lemmon’s jewel-flower Caulanthus coulteri var. lemmonii. Moderate Fairly endangered
Potbellied spineflower Chorizanthe ventricosa Moderate Not very endangered
Hispid bird’s-beak Cordylanthus mollis ssp. Hispidus Low Seriously endangered
Hall’s tarplant Deinandra halliana Moderate Seriously endangered
gypsum-loving larkspur Delphinium gypsophilum ssp. Gypsophilum Present Fairly endangered
recurved larkspur Delphinium recurvatum Present Fairly endangered
cottony buckwheat Eriogonum gossypinum Low Fairly endangered
Idria buckwheat Eriogonum vestitum Moderate Not very endangered
pale-yellow layia Layia heterotricha Moderate Seriously endangered
Munz’s tidytips Layia munzii Moderate Fairly endangered
Jared’s pepper-grass Lepidium jaredii ssp. Jaredii Low Fairly endangered
Serpentine Linanthus Leptosiphon ambiguous Present Fairly endangered
showy golden madia Madia radiate Moderate Seriously endangered
San Joaquin woollythreads Monolopia congdonii Low Fairly endangered

Scenic impacts

Solar farms can affect scenic views and alter landscape aesthetics. The panels and arrays have the potential to degrade the visual character or quality of the landscape[22]. A way to reduce aesthetic impacts is to build low-lying solar arrays, as is the case with the proposed solar farm in Monterey County.[23]

Impacts on land usage and agriculture

Artist rendition of a hypothetical agave plant and solar panel system. Image from greentechlead: [5]

Solar farms in the Central Coast Region could impact pre-existing land usage. A 2015 study by the Carnegie Institution of Science found that 15 percent of existing and proposed solar farms in California exist on land already impacted by human development. 28% of these farms impacted croplands and pastures and could impact the agriculture industry.[24] However, solar farms could have positive impacts on the agriculture industry. Some farmers are considering retiring agriculture land and using it to develop more profitable solar farms.[25]

Scientists at Stanford University have developed a way to grow crops in solar farms. Computer simulated experiments reveal that certain plants like agave could grow around solar panels. These plants would be beneficial to the solar panels as their roots would anchor the soil and foliage below and reduce dust kick up. The agave plants would benefit from the solar panels as they could capture runoff water used to clean the solar panels. This system could also create a pathway to increase ethanol production as the agave could be harvested and converted into biofuel.[26]

Construction of the Topaz Solar Farm, February 2012. Image from USFWS: [6]

Economic Impacts

Solar Farm development and upkeep create jobs in the economy. Between 2009 and 2014, a total of 10,200 solar related construction jobs were created. An additional 136 permanent operations and maintenance jobs have also been created; these jobs will likely persist throughout the lifetime of the solar facilities.[27] The creation of solar farms also have a short-term boost on local economies. The California Flats Solar Project is expected to boost local commerce when workers make purchases in local shops and restaurants.[28]

References

  1. SunPower
  2. Energy.gov
  3. First Solar
  4. BHE Renewables
  5. BHE Renewables
  6. First Solar
  7. The Mercury News
  8. Panoche Valley Solar Facililty Draft EIR
  9. Duke Energy
  10. Duke Energy
  11. CDFW
  12. Department of Energy
  13. H.T Harvey & Associates
  14. (CDFW) California Department of Fish and Wildlife (US). 2013. Topaz Solar Farm Conservation Lands Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan. Annual Report. Fresno (CA): CDFW. Available from: Topaz Preserve HMMP - Annual Report June 2013
  15. The Nature Conservancy
  16. USFWS
  17. USFWS
  18. (CDFW) California Department of Fish and Wildlife (US). 2013. Topaz Solar Farm Conservation Lands Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan. Annual Report. Fresno (CA): CDFW. Available from: Topaz Preserve HMMP - Annual Report June 2013
  19. (CDFW) California Department of Fish and Wildlife (US). 2013. Topaz Solar Farm Conservation Lands Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan. Annual Report. Fresno (CA): CDFW. Available from: Topaz Preserve HMMP - Annual Report May 2014
  20. San Benito County
  21. San Benito County
  22. Imperial County Planning and Department Services Department
  23. Monterey Herald
  24. San Diego Union-Tribune
  25. The Sacramento Bee
  26. Stanford News
  27. UC Berkeley Labor Center
  28. San Luis Obispo Tribune

Links

Disclaimer

This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.