Difference between revisions of "TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California"

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An summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California <ref name="RWQCB_report">[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref> by the Spring '10 [http://sep.csumb.edu/wiki/index.php/ENVS_560/L_Watershed_Systems ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
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 +
This page is a a summary of the [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/ Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region] report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]], Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)<ref name="RWQCB_report">Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]</ref>. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
== Project Definition ==
 
== Project Definition ==
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California.  The final TMDL report was available March 18, 2010.
+
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] in [[Monterey County]], California.  The [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb3/water_issues/programs/tmdl/docs/salinas/lower_fecal/sal_fc_tmdl_att2_projrpt.pdf final report] was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:
  
This report investigates the impairment of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries as a result of increased fecal coliform concentrations in accordance with Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.  The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:
+
{| border="3"
*Lower Salinas River (from Gonzales downstream to the Salinas River Lagoon)
+
!style="background: #efefef;" | Water Body
*Old Salinas River
+
!style="background: #efefef;" | Listed for Fecal Coliform
*Tembladero Slough
+
|-
*Salinas Reclamation Canal2
+
|'''Alisal Creek'''
*Gabilan Creek
+
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002 5A
*Alisal Creek
+
|-
*Natividad Creek
+
|'''Chualar Creek'''
*Santa Rita Creek
+
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
*Quail Creek
+
|-
*Chualar Creek
+
|'''Gabilan Creek'''
*Towne Creek
+
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Lower Salinas River'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Old Salinas River'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Quail Creek'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas Reclamation Canal'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2002 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas River'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Santa Rita Creek'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
 +
|-
 +
|'''Tembladero Slough'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|2008 5A
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
*The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform [http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d/appendix_e.shtml | Class 5] describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.
  
The biological impairment of a river can result from microbial pathogens (viruses, protozoa's, and bacteria) that can be readily correlated with fecal coliforms.  Fecal coliforms function as indicator species, known as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), that are used to identify water body contamination from other pathogenic organisms harmful to humans.
+
The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations.  Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure.  There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.  
  
Each water body is used for specific purposes (or beneficial uses).  When waters don’t meet the minimum quality standards required for those designated uses, TMDL criterion is applied.  The Lower Salinas watershed is used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supplies, commercial and recreational fishing and recreational activities.  Understanding water body impairment due to microbial pathogens is important for human health and safety as well as achieving environmental sustainability.
+
The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities.  When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its [[beneficial uses]] (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.
  
== Watershed Description ==
 
The area of concern for this TMDL is the lower 400 square miles of the Lower Salinas Valley and  includes two major watersheds, the Reclamation Canal and Lower Salinas River. The Reclamation Canal watershed drains into the Old Salinas River and includes Tembladero Slough and its tributaries, while the Lower Salinas Watershed drains into the Salinas River Lagoon and includes Blanco Drain, Toro Creek, Quail Creek, Chular Creek and other tributaries of the Salinas River. While there is some hydrologic connectivity between the two, it is limited.  A slide gate at the northwest end of the Salinas River Lagoon which allows periodic drainage into the Old Salinas River is closed in the winter to prevent flooding in the surrounding agricultural lands.  The breached sandbar at the mouth of the lagoon discharges inflow from the Salinas Lagoon directly into the Monterey Bay. The project area boundaries are the Gabilan Range to the east, the Sierra de Salinas range to the west, and the Monterey Bay to the north east. [[Image:TMDL_project_area.JPG|thumb|TMDL Project Area]]
 
  
Surface waters sources include precipitation, releases from reservoirs, groundwater, and return flows from agricultural irrigation.  Mean annual precipitation in the project area ranges from approximately 13 to 16 inches per year with the majority of precipitation occurring between November and April.
 
  
 
==Problem Statement==
 
==Problem Statement==
The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary water bodies are listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform.  Observed levels of fecal coliform for some or all these water bodies do not meet the safety criteria for the following designated beneficial uses:
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The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the [[Clean Water Act]] due to elevated levels of fecal coliform.  Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the [[Beneficial uses]] (BUs) of the eight major listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform.  
*Water contact recreation.
+
*Non-contact water recreation.
+
*Shellfish harvesting for human consumption (under review).
+
  
 +
{| border="3"
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | Waterbody
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | MUN
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | AGR
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | PROC
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | IND
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | GWR
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC1
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | REC2
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | WILD
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | COLD
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | WARM
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | MIGR
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | SPWN
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | BIOL
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | RARE
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | EST
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | FRESH
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | COMM
 +
!style="background: #efefef;" | SHELL
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas River Lagoon (North)'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|-
 +
|'''Old Salinas River Estuary'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|-
 +
|'''Tembladero Slough'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|-
 +
|'''Salinas Reclamation Ditch'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''Gabilan Creek'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''Alisal Creek'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|style="text-align: center;"|X
 +
|
 +
|}
  
  
==Data Analysis==
 
'''Water Samples'''
 
The Salinas River watershed is listed as impaired due to fecal coliforms.  Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are monitored instead of pathogens because direct measurements of pathogens are thought to be too slow, difficult and expensive.
 
  
Data sources for the TMDL came from:
+
==Current Status==
 +
This TMDL was approved by the [[Regional Water Quality Control Board]] on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting [[State Water Resource Control Board]] approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdl/303d_and_tmdl_projects.shtml Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page].
  
*TMDL Project data set
 
**From TMDL Project and USDA
 
*Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)
 
*Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)
 
*Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS) Team (affiliated with the Watershed Institute at California State University-Monterey Bay)
 
*Snap Shot Day monitoring program (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network)
 
  
There is scientific uncertainty about whether FIB is an effective indicator of pathogen risk due to nonpoint sources and what the environmental sources of FIB are.  Additional limitations of FIB include: 1) their presence only means that human pathogens may be present not necessarily that they are present; 2) the survival levels in the environment may vary between FIB and the pathogens for which they are the indicators; and 3) these indicators do not fully assess the human health risk from human enteric viruses and other human specific pathogens as the FIB are not human-specific.
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==Data Analysis==
  
The potential presence of fecal coliform and ''Escherichia coli'' (''E. coli'') can be determined through water sample analysis. Most ''E. coli'' strains are harmless and reside naturally in the intestines of humans and animals with only some being strains being pathogenic.  The pathogenic ''E. coli'' O157:H7 strain produces a powerful toxin that can cause severe illness and death and its presence in water is an indication of recent sewage or animal waste contamination.  In addition, the presence of E. coli O157:H7 indicates not only that a pathogenic ''E. coli'' is present, but also indicates the potential presence of other pathogenic organisms.
+
A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]] for fecal coliform.  The sources are as follows:
 +
* TMDL Project dataset
 +
** TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for ''E. coli'' from 27 monitoring sites
 +
** US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on ''E. coli'' O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites
 +
* Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006
 +
* Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided ''E. coli'' data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)
 +
* Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek
 +
* Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided ''E. coli'' monitoring data from Natividad Creek
  
 +
Fecal coliform and ''E. coli'' presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. ''E. coli'' O157:H7, a strain of ''E. coli'' pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods.  The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of [[The Lower Salinas Watershed]] as "impaired." 
  
 +
Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies.  Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions.  The use of spatial, temporal, and flow data in relation to FIB data indicated that all fecal coliform impaired waterbodies of the project area were impaired despite varying land use.  Results suggested that fecal coliform contamination in agricultural waterbodies were a result of upstream discharge. 
  
  ...What are the indicators? How did they come up with the numbers?...
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''E. coli'' rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median ''E.coli'' density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of ''E. coli'' O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. ''E. coli'' O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity.
  
==Source Analysis==
 
Sources of fecal coliform in the Lower Salinas Watershed were identified to arise from various sources.  These included:
 
*'''Point Sources''' -  ''a single identifiable localized source of pollution (i.e. you know exactly where the pollution is coming from and can quantify it).''
 
**Storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems
 
**Spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems
 
**concentrated animal feeding operations and dairies
 
 
*'''Nonpoint Sources'''- ''pollution derived from many different diffuse sources (i.e. regulation of one point or source will not rectify the problem).''
 
**Domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system
 
**Onsite waste disposal systems
 
**Illegal Dumping
 
**Homeless Encampments
 
**Sediment Sources
 
**Runoff from Irrigated Agriculture
 
**Non-controllable natural sources (wind-borne debris)
 
  
 
==Numeric Target==
 
==Numeric Target==
  
Water quality objectives that apply to indicator bacteria are based on designated beneficial uses.  For water contact recreation, the total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day periodFor non-contact water recreation, the total coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean of 2000 per 100 ml, or 4000 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.  For shellfish harvesting, the median total coliform concentration in a water column for any 30-day period should not exceed 70 per 100 ml, or 230 per 100 ml for 10% of the total samples in any 30-day period for a five-tube decimal dilution test, or 330 per 100 ml for a three-tube decimal dilution test. The shellfish harvesting beneficial use is being reassessed and water quality standards for this use may be addressed in a separate TMDL listing.
+
Numeric targets for FIB are established in the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/publications_forms/publications/basin_plan/ Central Coast Region Basin Plan] based on the designated [[Beneficial uses]] of a given water bodyIn the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use).  
  
When the total coliform concentration exceeds the minimum requirements, a water body is considered impaired.  However, in order to place it on the impaired list, each site must exceed these minimum contaminant levels a designated number of times depending on sample size.  For example, for a sample size of 55-60, 10 exceedances are needed to assert impairment.  For a sample size of 116-121, 20 exceedances are needed to assert impairment of the water body.
+
The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:
  
The EPA designates the TMDL criteria and updates it regularly as new research is published that addresses human health concerns associated with coliform bacteria contamination. The following example lists recommendations for human health safety in recreational waters.
+
* The fecal coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.
  
'''USEPA recommended criteria for ''E. coli''.'''
 
  
Indicator: ''E. coli''
+
==Linkage Analysis==
 +
In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed.  No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the [[CCRWQCB]] expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target '''concentration''' of fecal coliform rather than a '''load'''. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.
  
Risk Level: 8
 
  
'''Single Sample Maximum Allowable Density (per 100 mL)'''
+
== TMDL Development ==
 +
The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target '''concentration''' that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed.  In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable '''loads''' (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/dc/opinions/05opinions/05-5015a.pdf Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al.]. 
  
Geometric Mean Density (per 100 mL): 126
+
The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows.  For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data.
  
Designated Beach Area (75th percentile): 235
+
For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).
  
Moderate Full Body Contact Recreation (82nd percentile): 298
 
  
Lightly Used Full Body Contact Recreation (90th percentile): 409
+
==Margin of Safety==
  
Infrequently Used Full Body Contact Recreation (95th percentile): 575
+
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body.  In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration.  As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.
  
==Linkage Analysis==
 
The Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed.  In the case of fecal coliform, the RWQCB expresses the intent to implement the TMDL based on the target concentration rather than load allocation.
 
  
== TMDL Development ==
+
==Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation==
The TMDL for fecal coliform is based on a three tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. Allowable loads are calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time].  These target loads were compared to existing loads derived from field data to determine where exceedences are greatest or most frequent.
+
 
+
The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in [[Monterey County]]Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.
==Margin of Safety==
+
TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water.  In the case of fecal coliform, the goal is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentrationAs this is not a load-based approach, no margin of safety is given.
+
  
==Critical Conditions and seasonal variation==
 
This TMDL does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives.  However, it is noted that pollutant concentration is dependant on flow volume, which is often irregular in our climate.  Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments are favorable for bacteria propagation, and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.
 
  
 
==TMDL Allocations==
 
==TMDL Allocations==
Allocations are given as target concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, all allocations are the same as the target concentration stated above. The allocation for human FIB is zero. Load-based allocations, based on the method described in the 'TMDL development' section above, are also given in Table 7-7 of the TMDL report.
+
In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste.  
 +
 
 +
Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2010/mar/item_12/att_2.pdf TMDL report].
 +
 
  
 
==Public Participation==
 
==Public Participation==
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed that are affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL.  These would include:
+
There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL.  These stakeholders represent:
  
*Agricultural
+
*Agriculture
 
*Industry
 
*Industry
 
*Sewer discharge facilities
 
*Sewer discharge facilities
Line 124: Line 308:
 
*Homeless Persons
 
*Homeless Persons
  
Stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they can ask questions and voice their concerns.  A meeting was held in June of 2007 where stakeholders claimed water bodies in the project area that have been identified as having water contact recreational beneficial uses cannot support the minimum contaminant levels required for coliform bacteria.  They claimed these water bodies are on private land that have other uses besides recreational.  Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used widely.  Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these water bodies may result from evaporation, and so the minimum required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded.  Furthermore, the steep embankments and muddy substrate surrounding these water bodies makes them inappropriate for recreational use.  The CCWQCB is responsible for addressing these concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.
+
[[CCRWQCB]] incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies.  Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions.  All the results were made public.
 +
 
 +
Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns.  One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria.  The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use.  Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used.  Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded.  The [[CCRWQCB]] is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.
 +
 
  
 
== Implementation and Monitoring ==
 
== Implementation and Monitoring ==
The goal of implementation and monitoring is to reduce pathogen loads and achieve the stated TMDLs for the Salinas River Watershed.  Potential pathgoen sources include: municipal storm drain discharges, domestic animal/livestock discharges, illegal dumping, discharges from homeless persons/encampments, sanitary sewer collection system spills and leaks, wildlife, and sediment bedoad resuspension.  Because of the complexity involved with coordinating all these various sources for patholgoical pollutants the report lays out an implementation and monitoring road map to identify key aspects, and make sure progress is recorded and results obtained.
 
  
'''Implementation'''
+
Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & [[Storm Water Management Plan|storm water management plans]], [[NPDES]] permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the [[CCRWQCB]] outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems.  Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from  irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris).  Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, [[Monterey County]], Salinas Industrial [[WWTP]], the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The [[CCRWQCB]] is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs.
*'''Implementation Actions'''
+
*'''Evaluation of Implementation Progress'''
+
*'''Timeline and Milestones'''
+
*'''Economic Considerations'''
+
  
'''Monitoring'''
 
*'''Monitoring Sites'''
 
**Frequency
 
**Responsible Parties
 
  
==Monitoring Plan==
+
=== Implementation ===
  
== Laws and Policies ==
+
* '''Implementation Actions:''' Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the [[Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition]] is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets.  Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the [[Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition]].  [[Monterey County]] and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping.  Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders.  Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping.    
The law which creates the TMDL process is the [http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/cwa/ Clean Water Act](CWA). The CWA defines a TMDL as "a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards, and an allocation of that amount to the pollutant's sources."
+
  
== Future research ==
+
* '''Evaluation of Implementation Progress:''' Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets.  Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.
While fecal coliforms are useful indicators of pathogenic biological organisms they do not prove their presence/absence. As a result, future research needs to be focused on developing quick, cheap and efficient tests for a wide range of pathogenic organismsThis could be accomplished with the use of DNA chip technology, and or microarrays.
+
 
 +
 
 +
=== Monitoring ===
 +
 
 +
* '''Monitoring Sites:''' Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selectedReceiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period.  One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).
  
*Possibly covered in the data analysis section.
 
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 +
  
 
== Links ==
 
== Links ==
 +
 +
* [http://www.ccamp.org/ Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program]
 +
 +
* [http://ccows.csumb.edu/home/ Central Coast Watershed Studies Team]
 +
 +
*[[Clean Water Act]]
 +
 +
* [[Beneficial uses]]
 +
 +
* [[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]
 +
 +
* [[Regional Water Quality Control Board]]
 +
 +
* [[State Water Resource Control Board]]
  
 
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]
 
* [[TMDLs in the Monterey Bay Region of California]]
 +
 +
* [[Approaches to TMDL Development and Implementation in the Monterey Bay Area]]
 +
 +
* [[Total Maximum Daily Load for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]
 +
 +
* [[Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California]]
 +
 +
* [[Conditional waiver of waste discharge requirements for irrigated lands]]
 +
 +
* [[Basin Plan]]
 +
 +
* [[Clean Water Act]]
  
 
== Disclaimer ==
 
== Disclaimer ==
  
 
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.
 
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of [[CSUMB]], its staff, or students.

Latest revision as of 22:33, 4 April 2018

This page is a a summary of the Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Coast Region report on Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California (CCRWQCB, 2009)[1]. The summary was prepared by the Spring '10 ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.


Project Definition

The California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (CCRWQCB), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed in Monterey County, California. The final report was available as of September 2, 2010. The project area includes the following impaired water bodies:

Water Body Listed for Fecal Coliform
Alisal Creek 2002 5A
Chualar Creek 2008 5A
Gabilan Creek 2002 5A
Lower Salinas River 2002 5A
Old Salinas River 2008 5A
Quail Creek 2008 5A
Salinas Reclamation Canal 2002 5A
Salinas River 2008 5A
Santa Rita Creek 2008 5A
Tembladero Slough 2008 5A
  • The number represents the first year the water body was listed as impaired due to exceeding levels of fecal coliform | Class 5 describes a water body where the TMDL water quality standards are not met and a TMDL is required but not complete.

The TMDL report addresses the impairment due to fecal contamination of the Lower Salinas River and several of its tributaries by examining increased fecal coliform concentrations. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) indicate the general presence of potential fecal pathogens, and are monitored in lieu of specific human pathogens since the pathogens are typically difficult and expensive to measure. There is some scientific uncertainty about the accuracy of FIB as a gauge for pathogen risk. However, monitoring FIB to determine fecal contamination is currently the most cost efficient and effective method. Fecal coliform bacteria are commonly used as FIB. If fecal coliform concentrations exceed certain criteria, the water body may be listed as impaired pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.

The water bodies of the Lower Salinas watershed are used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to: groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, industrial and agricultural supply, commercial and recreational fishing, and other recreational activities. When a water body fails to meet the minimum quality standards required for its beneficial uses (assigned purposes), a TMDL is established.


Problem Statement

The Lower Salinas River and eleven of its tributary waterbodies are impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to elevated levels of fecal coliform. Observed levels of fecal coliform do not meet the water quality objectives for some of the Beneficial uses (BUs) of the eight major listed waterbodies. In the table below an "X" denotes a BU and "FC" denotes a BU impaired due to fecal coliform.

Waterbody MUN AGR PROC IND GWR REC1 REC2 WILD COLD WARM MIGR SPWN BIOL RARE EST FRESH COMM SHELL
Salinas River, Spreckels Gage- Chualar X X X X X FC FC X X X X X
Salinas River, dnstr of Spreckels Gage X X FC X X X X X X
Salinas River Lagoon (North) FC FC X X X X X X X X X FC
Old Salinas River Estuary FC FC X X X X X X X X X FC
Tembladero Slough FC FC X X X X X X FC
Salinas Reclamation Ditch FC FC X X X
Gabilan Creek X X X FC FC X X X X
Alisal Creek X X X FC FC X X X X X


Current Status

This TMDL was approved by the Regional Water Quality Control Board on September 2nd, 2010 and is awaiting State Water Resource Control Board approval (as of April 12, 2011). Current status for this TMDL is available on the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board TMDL Status Page.


Data Analysis

A variety of data sources were used to analyze the waterbodies of the Lower Salinas River Watershed for fecal coliform. The sources are as follows:

  • TMDL Project dataset
    • TMDL Project monitoring activities- analyzed TMDL Project dataset for E. coli from 27 monitoring sites
    • US Department of Agriculture- analyzed dataset starting from 2005 on E. coli O157:H7 from 31 monitoring sites
  • Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP)- provided and analyzed fecal coliform density data of eleven sites from 1999-2006
  • Entities regulated by the Central Coast Water Quality Board (City of Salinas Stormwater Program)- provided E. coli data on Natividad Creek (Supplemental to Snapshot)
  • Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS)- provided 2001/2002 data of fecal coliform and E. coli for Natividad Creek and Chualar Creek
  • Snapshot Monitoring Program- provided E. coli monitoring data from Natividad Creek

Fecal coliform and E. coli presence were determined through water sample analysis using various methodologies including the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method and the Colilert method. E. coli O157:H7, a strain of E. coli pathogenic to humans, was analyzed separately using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and Pathatrix methods. The combination of these various methods indicated the magnitude of the pathogen problem and the potential presence of other fecal pathogens. Analysis of the results from these various methods have indicated a fecal pathogen problem that is consistent with the listing of the waterbodies of The Lower Salinas Watershed as "impaired."

Spatial data were used to estimate the impact of various land uses on waterbodies. Spatial data analyzed included streams, watershed boundaries, roads, land use and elevation. FIB concentration and presence data were also analyzed temporally, with respect to the dry and wet seasons. USGS flow data were incorporated into the study to estimate current load and assimilative capacity as well as to derive daily load expressions. The use of spatial, temporal, and flow data in relation to FIB data indicated that all fecal coliform impaired waterbodies of the project area were impaired despite varying land use. Results suggested that fecal coliform contamination in agricultural waterbodies were a result of upstream discharge.

E. coli rain event data were collected from thirteen sites after two separate rain events, neither of which were first flush rain events. It was found that the median E.coli density was significantly higher during rain events (2,685 MPN/100mL) than non rain events (224 MPN/100mL). There were multiple identifications of E. coli O157:H7, mostly at the confluence of Gabilan Creek and Towne Creek in the northern part of the study area. E. coli O157:H7 identification coincided with pasture and shrubland areas with generally large amounts of ranch land and animal activity.


Numeric Target

Numeric targets for FIB are established in the Central Coast Region Basin Plan based on the designated Beneficial uses of a given water body. In the impaired waterbodies of the Lower Salinas watershed, the numeric targets of FIB for Water Contact Recreation, Non-Contact Recreation, and Shellfish Harvesting were noted as being exceeded. As shellfish harvesting is likely to be eliminated as a beneficial use, the numeric target adopted by the TMDL is the water quality standard for Water Contact Recreation (which is the next most protective beneficial use).

The goal is for all water bodies in the TMDL area to meet this numeric target:

  • The fecal coliform concentration for a minimum of five samples in any 30 day period should not exceed a log mean (i.e. geometric mean) of 200 per 100 ml, or 400 per 100 ml for 10% of total samples in any 30 day period.


Linkage Analysis

In a TMDL document, the Linkage Analysis is intended to link the numeric target concentration (amount per volume) to a daily load (amount per day) for the watershed. No explicit linkage analysis was given in the TMDL report because the CCRWQCB expressed the intent to implement the TMDL based on a target concentration of fecal coliform rather than a load. However, under the 'TMDL Development' section of the TMDL report, methods are described to link target concentrations to loading capacity.


TMDL Development

The official TMDL objective is expressed as a numeric target concentration that applies to all impaired waterbodies in the lower Salinas River watershed. In the TMDL report, the target concentration is also converted to maximum allowable loads (MPN/per day) for each individual waterbody as mandated by Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al..

The maximum allowable loads for fecal coliform are based on a three-tiered flow regime, wherein each water body has different allowable loads established for high (top 5%), moderate (middle 25%), and low (bottom 60%) flows. For ungaged streams, flow was estimated from measurements on comparable streams and adjusted based on the Drainage Area Ratio (DAR). Allowable loads were calculated by multiplying the average flow within each flow regime (low, moderate, or high) by the target concentration [volume/time * mass/volume = mass/time] and then compared to existing loads derived from field data.

For example, at Gabilan Creek, during an average high flow event of 26 cfs, the Total Maximum Daily Load of FIB that can be absorbed without exceeding the target concentration is <math> 2.8 \times 10^{11} </math> (orgs/day). This goal represents an 89% reduction from the current estimated load of <math>2.62 \times 10^{12}</math> (orgs/day).


Margin of Safety

TMDLs are required to include a margin of safety that accounts for uncertainty in the linkage between loading capacity of the watershed and pollutant concentration in the receiving water body. In the case of fecal coliform, the goal specified in the TMDL report is for all controllable water sources to meet the target concentration. As a load-based approach was not adopted in the TMDL, no margin of safety was given.


Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variation

The TMDL report does not identify any "critical" environmental factors, in which a slight change could lead to exceedence of water quality objectives. However, it was noted that pollutant concentration is dependent on flow volume, which is often irregular in Monterey County. Also, localized areas of stagnant water with fine sediments foster bacterial growth and may increase concentrations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria.


TMDL Allocations

In TMDL documents, 'Wasteload' and 'Load Allocations' are the maximum load of a pollutant that each point-source discharger is allowed to release. In the TMDL report summarized here, they are equal to the TMDLs (which are actually concentrations; see above), and are thus expressed as receiving water concentrations. For non-human fecal indicator bacteria, allocations are the numeric target for fecal coliform and equal to the concentration-based TMDL. The allocation assigned for human FIB is zero because of the increased pathogenic risk related to human waste.

Wasteload and load allocations for responsible parties associated as sources of fecal coliform for waterbodies are shown in Table 10-1 of the TMDL report.


Public Participation

There are many stakeholders in the Lower Salinas Watershed who would be affected by the implementation of the fecal coliform TMDL. These stakeholders represent:

  • Agriculture
  • Industry
  • Sewer discharge facilities
  • Wildlife
  • Fisheries
  • Sporting recreational activities
  • Municipal and domestic water supply
  • Homeless Persons

CCRWQCB incorporated stakeholder outreach efforts throughout the development of the TMDL. Data collection and analysis were organized in collaboration with county, state and federal agencies. Public presentations were readily conducted to inform and elicit stakeholder opinion from a variety of public and private institutions. All the results were made public.

Stakeholders had the opportunity to participate in public meetings where they could ask questions and voice their concerns. One of the concerns described was that specific waterbodies in the project area could not achieve the numeric targets required for coliform bacteria. The stakeholders added that some waterbodies are on private land, and therefore have other uses besides recreational use. Water flow on these lands is not always natural, especially during summer months when irrigation and groundwater pumping is used. Increased concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria in these waterbodies may result from evaporation, and so the required numeric water quality objectives may be exceeded. The CCRWQCB is presently responsible for addressing these types of concerns and comments, and for providing official responses before the TMDL listing is approved.


Implementation and Monitoring

Implementation of the TMDL will occur by reducing pathogen loads from point and non-point sources, using a variety of existing and proposed regulatory mechanisms such as stormwater permits & storm water management plans, NPDES permits, waste discharge requirements, and waste discharge prohibitions. Key pollutants will be identified and the responsible parties will submit reports to the CCRWQCB outlining the results. Point sources of fecal coliform were identified as storm drain discharges to storm sewer systems and spills and leaks from sanitary sewer collection and treatment systems. Nonpoint sources include domestic animal discharges in areas that do not drain to a storm water sewer system, onsite waste disposal systems, illegal dumping, homeless encampments, sediment sources, runoff from irrigated agriculture, and non-controllable natural sources (i.e. wind-borne debris). Responsible parties include the City of Salinas, Monterey County, Salinas Industrial WWTP, the Castroville Water District, the County of Monterey Regional group, and owners and operators of lands with domestic animals, lands used for illegal dumping and lands with homeless encampments. The CCRWQCB is responsible for estimating and reporting how much implementation and monitoring costs.


Implementation

  • Implementation Actions: Mandatory municipal storm water permits require all those who discharge to municipal storm sewage systems to implement a Storm Water Management Plan that includes an effectiveness assessment strategy. Compliance with the Domestic Animal Waste Discharge Prohibition is required for all owners and/or operators of property that have livestock, farm animals and pets. Landowners with homeless encampments on their property are required to comply with the Human Fecal Material Discharge Prohibition. Monterey County and city officials prosecute incidents of illegal dumping. Complaints are investigated and financial rewards are given to individuals that help identify offenders. Education and outreach programs are in place to help stop illegal dumping.
  • Evaluation of Implementation Progress: Implementation progress will be evaluated and reviewed every three years according to water quality improvements and attainment of trackable implementation actions. After reviewing all reports, programs and evaluations, the CCRWQCB will decide which actions need to be taken to achieve the TMDL numeric targets. Numeric targets must be achieved 13 years after the Office of Administrative Law approves the Fecal Coliform TMDL for the lower Salinas River basin. Additional non-point source polluters may be identified and additional provisions may be necessary if numeric targets are not achieved within the estimated time frame.


Monitoring

  • Monitoring Sites: Fecal Coliform testing must be performed in receiving waters and urban storm water outfall discharges. Fourteen water bodies have been proposed for monitoring locations. These include: Salinas River, Reclamation Canal, Salinas River Lagoon (North), Old Salinas River, Alisal Creek, Gavilan Creek (3 sites), Towne Creek, Natividad Creek, Santa Rita Creek, Tembladero Slough, Quail Creek and Chualar Creek. Five storm drain monitoring sites were selected. Receiving waters will be monitored with a minimum of five water quality samples within one 30 day period. One collection is done during the wet season(January 1 – March 31) and one during the dry season (May 1 – September 30). To identify the extent of fecal coliform concentrations from storm water drain discharges, samples will be collected in three storm events (between October 15 – April 30) and two dry season flows (between May 1 – October 14).


References

  1. Rose C, Osmolovsky P, Harlan L. 2010. Regional Water Qualtiy Control Board Central Coast Region. Available from:Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California


Links

Disclaimer

This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.