Difference between revisions of "Tarsier tutorial: Raster data"

Revision as of 10:32, 5 March 2009 (view source) Jessicari (Talk | contribs) (→‎Who has taken this tutorial?) ← Older edit		Revision as of 20:11, 18 March 2009 (view source) Briano (Talk | contribs) (→‎Who has taken this tutorial?) Newer edit →
Line 121:		Line 121:
	* jonathan		* jonathan
	* jessicari		* jessicari
		+	* Brian
	== Next ==		== Next ==

---

Revision as of 20:11, 18 March 2009

Outcomes

• Learn about rasters
• Get a raster
• Import it into Tarsino, view it, and save it in Tarsier Raster Data format

What are raster data?

Raster data are gridded data such as images and gridded maps of landscape properties such as elevation. The grid is typically two-dimensional, with the dimensions representing coordinates such as latitutde and longitude.

Raster data and vector data are the most fundamental types of data used to represent landscapes. The same data can be stored in either vector or raster format, but depending on the type of information, one is usually a more efficient structure than the other. The key difference between these two data types are the way in which they obtain their spacial reference. Unlike vector data where each data point is given an x,y coordinate, rasters receive geographic reference by giving x,y coordinates to a single data point (usually the lower left grid cell corner). All the other data points are then referenced to that coordinate by specifying the structure of the grid: cell size, the number of rows and columns, and the projection (lat/long, utm, etc.).

Examples of data more appropriate for rasters include:

• Maps of elevation/bathymetery (digital elevation models, DEMs)
• Maps of precipitation
• Satellite images
• Aereal photos
• Maps of land cover (also often represented as vector data)

Notice that most of these data are continuous and distributed throughout the landscape - i.e. every point on a landscape has an elevation and elevation varies continuously from point to point. Rasters are better suited for this kind of data, but if you wanted to map the 3500 ft contour line for example, a vector format would be more appropriate.

Another thing to consider is what you want to do with the data. Different analysis and visualization options are available for rasters and vectors. This is true for any GIS program including Tarsino.

You will find that Tarsier currently has more support for raster data both in terms of analysis and visualizations (is this true Fred?).

Obtaining raster data

Raster data are widely available on the web.

Useful Data Sources

Example: Topography of Kauai

Obtain a digital elevation model for a portion of the USA - Kauai

1. Visit National Elevation Dataset (NED): http://ned.usgs.gov/
2. Navigate to Seamless Data Distribution System (SDDS): http://seamless.usgs.gov/
3. Select USA
4. Zoom to Hawaiian Islands
5. Zoom to Kauai - the northernmost island
6. Click 'Download' on far right
7. Select 'SRTM Finished 3 arc sec' i.e. the coarest data available, since we just want a quick look
8. Select 'Download' tool on far left
9. Use tool to define the smallest rectangle that includes the entire island
10. A pop-up window appears. Before clicking 'Download' consider which file format you want:
    1. ArcMap Grid File Format - native ESRI ArcGIS format - can only be ready by ESRI products (pretty much)
    2. GeoTIFF File Format
    3. BIL File Format - Band-Interleaved binary format
    4. Grid Float File Format - This appears to be like the common Arc ASCII Grid format, but binary and in two files: 'flt' and 'hdr' (see FLT). It wouldn't be hard to write a Tarsier importer for this format.
11. Which one should I choose?
    1. ArcMap? Works fine, but its not ideal because you need to use ArcGIS software to convert it to ASC format. If you select ArcMap Grid, and you want to import to Tarsier, then you'll need to Convert Arc Grid file format to Arc ASCII Grid format
    2. GeoTIFF? These work in Tarsier, but apparently not in the 32-bit version that USGS is using.
    3. BIL? ...maybe
    4. Grid Float? ...need to write an importer
12. I'm in a hurry, can you just post the files here? Yep:
    1. Kauai 3sec ArcGrid.zip
       1. Converted to ASC format importable directly to Tarsier: TarsierRasterKauaiASC.zip
    2. Kauai 3sec GeoTIFF.zip
    3. Kauai 3sec BIL.zip
    4. Kauai 3sec GridFloat.zip

1. To select a different format to ArcMap Grid, click 'Modify data request'.
2. One the format is chosen, click 'Download'
3. Save zip to local machine and extract to folder

Importing raster data into Tarsier format

1. Open Tarsier, select File-->Open and open the file.
2. Notes for specific formats:
3. ASC
   1. Open your ASC file e.g. "kauai.asc"
4. Once opened in Tarsier, save in Tarsier format. Select "Save As" and save as kauai.tra and kauai.trv
   1. Warning: there's an idiosyncrasy to saving files in Tarsier

Viewing raster data

1. Open a the TRA file or the TRV
   1. The TRA is just the raster data, and the the viewer for the raster data. So when you open a TRA, you get default viewer. If you change the view settings (colors, zoom etc), you can save these in a TRV and re-open them later. Each TRV is associated with a TRA (and also a second TRA that can be used as a mask, but this is almost never done anymore).
2. Zoom in and out:
   1. + and - Icons in main-window toolbar
3. Change the color scheme:
   1. Menu --> Raster --> Color scheme
      1. Select 'Custom', then 'Rainbow'
4. Save an image of your raster
   1. Menu --> Raster --> Grab image to file
      1. Saves a JPG and a BMP of how the raster looks on your screen
5. Etc.:
   1. ...

Manipulating raster data

You can modify and analyze your raster data in many ways using the operations listed on the Raster menu (For more complex saveable analyses, separate Tarsier Analysis Modules should be used).

For example, you might notice that the Kauai SRTM DEM has 'NoData' holes in it, presumably because it was too for the radar to penetrate (the Kauai highlands are the rainiest place on earth I believe).

To fill the holes, you could select:

• Menu --> Raster --> Tools --> Grow out all NoData.

You might then notice that there are some negatives, lets change them to NoData, then grow them out:

1. Menu --> Raster --> Tools --> Lo truncate --> -1
2. Menu --> Raster --> Algebra --> Replace --> -1, -9999
3. Menu --> Raster --> Tools --> Grow out all NoData

List of raster manipulations:

1. Algebra etc.
   1. ...<things like 'multiply'>
   2. ...many more
2. Tools
   1. Grow out all NoData. Iteratively fills NoData cells with values from adjacent non-NoData cells, until there are no more NoData cells. Good for roughly filling holes in raster layers.
   2. ...many more

Who has taken this tutorial?

Please enter your user name here:

• jonathan
• jessicari
• Brian

Next

• You could try Tarsier tutorial: Vector data
• For 3D raster viewing, and much more, try Tarsier tutorial: Renderer
• There used to be an ArcView-like viewer for rasters, vectors etc. in Tarsier called 'Layout', but its out of date and probably doesn't work right now

Links

• Tarsier
• Tarsier Tutorials