Difference between revisions of "Federal legislation and executive orders relating to federal lands in California's Central Coast region"
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**[[Carrizo Plain National Monument]] was designated as a national monument when it was purchased by [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]], [[The Nature Conservancy (TNC)| The Nature Conservancy]], and the formerly [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)| California Department of Fish and Game]] in 1988 | **[[Carrizo Plain National Monument]] was designated as a national monument when it was purchased by [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]], [[The Nature Conservancy (TNC)| The Nature Conservancy]], and the formerly [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)| California Department of Fish and Game]] in 1988 | ||
− | == Federal laws involving [[National Park Service (NPS) | The National Park Service ]] and [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]]== | + | == Federal laws involving lands managed by the [[National Park Service (NPS) | The National Park Service ]] and [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]]== |
*'''The Antiquities Act of 1906''' <ref>https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm</ref> | *'''The Antiquities Act of 1906''' <ref>https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm</ref> | ||
** The Antiquities Act was the first law in the U.S. to provide general protection for any general kind of "cultural or natural resource" <ref> https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm </ref>. It established the first national historic preservation policy for the United States. The statute provided a tool for politicians and their supporters to clearly identify the uses of public lands and resources with a concentration in conservation. The act dissolved the requirement of parks or reserves to have an act of Congress as well as Presidential approval to begin conservation efforts, allowing the establishment of national monuments to be quicker. The Antiquities Act was utilized by presidents during the late 20th and early 21st century to designate national monuments. Federal land management agencies like the [[National Park Service (NPS)]] and [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]] manage areas designated as National Monuments. | ** The Antiquities Act was the first law in the U.S. to provide general protection for any general kind of "cultural or natural resource" <ref> https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm </ref>. It established the first national historic preservation policy for the United States. The statute provided a tool for politicians and their supporters to clearly identify the uses of public lands and resources with a concentration in conservation. The act dissolved the requirement of parks or reserves to have an act of Congress as well as Presidential approval to begin conservation efforts, allowing the establishment of national monuments to be quicker. The Antiquities Act was utilized by presidents during the late 20th and early 21st century to designate national monuments. Federal land management agencies like the [[National Park Service (NPS)]] and [[United States Bureau of Land Management | U.S. Bureau of Land Management]] manage areas designated as National Monuments. | ||
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**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser | **A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser | ||
− | == Laws involving [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]== | + | == Laws involving lands managed by the [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]== |
− | === | + | ===[[USFS]]-related federal legislation that affects the entire United States=== |
*'''Forest Reserve Act of 1891''' <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top</ref> | *'''Forest Reserve Act of 1891''' <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top</ref> | ||
**After two decades of debate about public land management, this act was passed in order to give the [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]] the authority to manage "forest reserves."<ref>https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/how-america-started-saving-national-forests</ref> | **After two decades of debate about public land management, this act was passed in order to give the [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]] the authority to manage "forest reserves."<ref>https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/how-america-started-saving-national-forests</ref> | ||
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** This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry. | ** This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry. | ||
− | === | + | ===[[USFS]]-related federal Legislation that affects the California Central Coast region=== |
*'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref> | *'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref> | ||
**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser. | **A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser. | ||
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**Added 35,800 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]. The wilderness currently has a total of 240,026 acres. | **Added 35,800 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]. The wilderness currently has a total of 240,026 acres. | ||
− | ==Federal laws involving [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service | The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]== | + | ==Federal laws involving lands managed by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) | The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]== |
*'''National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html</ref> | *'''National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html</ref> | ||
**This act establishes the guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in [[National Wildlife Refuge System]] including "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas. | **This act establishes the guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in [[National Wildlife Refuge System]] including "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas. | ||
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***[[Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge (BRNWR)]] near Visalia in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada (897 acres) | ***[[Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge (BRNWR)]] near Visalia in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada (897 acres) | ||
− | ==Federal laws involving the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]== | + | ==Federal laws involving ocean areas overseen by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]== |
*'''National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972''' | *'''National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972''' | ||
** This act authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to identify and protect areas of the marine environment with special national significance. Some examples of significance are conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational or esthetic qualities <ref> https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/legislation/ </ref>. Daily management of national marine sanctuaries has been overseen by the Secretary of Commerce to NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. The main goal of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats. | ** This act authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to identify and protect areas of the marine environment with special national significance. Some examples of significance are conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational or esthetic qualities <ref> https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/legislation/ </ref>. Daily management of national marine sanctuaries has been overseen by the Secretary of Commerce to NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. The main goal of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats. | ||
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* [[Legislation related to environmental management in California's Central Coast Region]] | * [[Legislation related to environmental management in California's Central Coast Region]] | ||
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− | |||
− | |||
* [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]] | * [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]] | ||
+ | * [[National Park Service (NPS)]] | ||
+ | * [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)]] | ||
+ | * [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)]] | ||
+ | * [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]] | ||
+ | * [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]] | ||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 10:29, 26 March 2021
An environmental summary by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.
The following acts relate to the following federal entities which in turn affect federal lands in California's Central Coast region that are under the control of the various entities.
Contents
- 1 Federal Land Management Agencies and associated national monuments
- 2 Federal laws involving lands managed by the The National Park Service and U.S. Bureau of Land Management
- 3 Laws involving lands managed by the United States Forest Service (USFS)
- 4 Federal laws involving lands managed by the The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- 5 Federal laws involving ocean areas overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- 6 Related links
- 7 References
- 8 Disclaimer
Federal Land Management Agencies and associated national monuments
- National Park Service (NPS) operates two national monuments.
- Pinnacles National Park started as a national monument in 1908 and was redesigned as a national park in 2012 by federal law. [1]
- César E. Chávez National Monument was created by President Barack Obama in 2012.
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management operates 3 national monuments established between 1980 and 2012.
- Fort Ord National Monument (FONM) was converted from the Fort Ord Military base and acted as a nature conservancy for Smith's Blue Butterfly until 2012 when President Barack Obama designated it a national monument.
- California Coastal National Monument (CCNM) was designated a national monument by President Bill Clinton in 2000.
- Carrizo Plain National Monument was designated as a national monument when it was purchased by U.S. Bureau of Land Management, The Nature Conservancy, and the formerly California Department of Fish and Game in 1988
Federal laws involving lands managed by the The National Park Service and U.S. Bureau of Land Management
- The Antiquities Act of 1906 [2]
- The Antiquities Act was the first law in the U.S. to provide general protection for any general kind of "cultural or natural resource" [3]. It established the first national historic preservation policy for the United States. The statute provided a tool for politicians and their supporters to clearly identify the uses of public lands and resources with a concentration in conservation. The act dissolved the requirement of parks or reserves to have an act of Congress as well as Presidential approval to begin conservation efforts, allowing the establishment of national monuments to be quicker. The Antiquities Act was utilized by presidents during the late 20th and early 21st century to designate national monuments. Federal land management agencies like the National Park Service (NPS) and U.S. Bureau of Land Management manage areas designated as National Monuments.
- Title 16 - Conservation of 1890
- 26 Stat. 478, 16 USC 41
- Established Sequoia National Park including only the drainage of the South Fork of the Kaweah River - Garfield Grove and Hockett Meadow [4]
- 26 Stat. 478, 16 USC 41
- Public Law 85-665 of 1940 [5]
- 54 Stat. 41, 16 USC 80a
- Established Kings Canyon National Park and expanded its boundary to its current approximate condition [6]
- 54 Stat. 41, 16 USC 80a
- Proclamation No. 2825 of 1949 [7]
- Signed by President Truman which added 17,635 acres to the Channel Islands National Park shortly after its establishment as a national monument in 1938.
- Federal Property Act of 1949 [8]
- The purpose of this act is to help increase local recreation opportunities while reducing the federal government’s inventory of real property. This program has transferred about 184,000 acres of land to date to state and local governments for parks and recreation use.
- The Wilderness Act of 1964 [9]
- A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser
Laws involving lands managed by the United States Forest Service (USFS)
- Forest Reserve Act of 1891 [10]
- After two decades of debate about public land management, this act was passed in order to give the United States Department of the Interior (DOI) the authority to manage "forest reserves."[11]
- This act affects the management of Los Padres National Forest.
- The Transfer Act of 1905 [12]
- This act "unified" all Federal forest management under the Department of Agriculture. [13]. This allowed the former Bureau of Forestry to be established as the Forest Service on July 1, 1905.
- The Weeks Act of 1911 [14]
- This act created a true national forest system where the federal government was allowed to purchase and maintain land in the eastern U.S. Prior to this act, local and federal governments did not own substantial land east of the Mississippi River [15]
- The Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960 [16]
- Authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber, range, water, recreation and wildlife on the national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services.
- The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970 [17]
- NEPA was enacted to establish a national policy for the environment and to provide additional support for the establishment of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). NEPA was the first major environmental law in the United States [18]
- Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 [19]
- authorizes long-range planning by USFS to protect, develop, and enhance the productivity and other values of forest resources. It requires that a renewable resource assessment and a Forest Service plan be prepared every ten and five years, respectively, to plan and prepare for the future of natural resources.
- The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976 [20]
- This law is the main statute governing the administration of national forests and was an amendment to the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974.
- This law was amended by a 2012 planning rule. [21]
- The Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 [22]
- This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry.
- The Wilderness Act of 1964 [23]
- A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser.
- This law established the National Wilderness Preservation System which helped create the following wilderness areas;
- San Rafael Wilderness (194,380 acres (787 km2))
- Santa Lucia Wilderness (20,412 acres (83 km2) in the Lucia District, in the Santa Lucia Mountains)
- Ventana Wilderness Act
- Established in 1969, which redesignated 98,000 acres of the Ventana Primitive Area as the Ventana Wilderness.
- Ventana Wilderness (240,026 acres (971 km2)) [24]
- Established in 1969, which redesignated 98,000 acres of the Ventana Primitive Area as the Ventana Wilderness.
- Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978 [25]
- Established ten new designated Wilderness Areas in the National Forests of several Western states. In California, it created the following;
- 306,000 acre Golden Trout Wilderness in the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests
- 21,250 acre Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
- Added 61,000 acres to the established Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
- Established ten new designated Wilderness Areas in the National Forests of several Western states. In California, it created the following;
- California Wilderness Act of 1984 [26]
- This act authorized the addition of over 3 million acres (12,000 km2) [1] within the state of California to the National Wilderness Preservation System. It created the following;
- Dick Smith Wilderness (64,800 acres (262 km2) in the Santa Barbara Ranger District)
- Added 2,750 acres to the established Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
- The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail was designated by Congress in 1990
- This act authorized the addition of over 3 million acres (12,000 km2) [1] within the state of California to the National Wilderness Preservation System. It created the following;
- The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992 [27]
- Established six new designated Wilderness Areas and three new designated Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Los Padres National Forest and Angeles National Forest in California. These include the following:
- Chumash Wilderness (38,150 acres (154 km2) in the Mt. Pinos Ranger District, just west of Mount Pinos)
- Garcia Wilderness (14,100 acres (57 km2) in the Lucia District)
- Machesna Mountain Wilderness (19,880 acres (80 km2), in the La Panza Range in San Luis Obispo County)
- Matilija Wilderness (29,600 acres (120 km2) in the Ojai Ranger District)
- Sespe Wilderness (219,700 acres (889 km2), in both the Ojai and Mt. Pinos Ranger Districts)
- Silver Peak Wilderness (31,555 acres (128 km2), in the Monterey District)
- Sisquoc River - 33 miles (Wild River)
- Sespe Creek - 31.5 miles (4 miles as a Scenic River and 27.5 miles as a Wild River)
- Big Sur River - 19.5 miles (Wild River)
- It also added 38,800 acres to the established Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
- Established six new designated Wilderness Areas and three new designated Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Los Padres National Forest and Angeles National Forest in California. These include the following:
- Big Sur Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002 [28]
- Added 35,800 acres to the established Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest. The wilderness currently has a total of 240,026 acres.
Federal laws involving lands managed by the The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 [29]
- This act establishes the guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in National Wildlife Refuge System including "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.
- National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act [30]
- Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 in a manner that provides an “Organic Act” for the Refuge System.
- Big Sur Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002 [31]
- This law designated specific lands administered by BLM, USFS, or NPS in California as wilderness, as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System, and as additions to the Ventana, Silver Peak, or Pinnacles Wilderness areas.
- The following federal lands affected by this legislation are as follows:
- Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge near Watsonville (201 acres)
- Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge near Marina (367 acres)
- Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge (BCNWR) near Taft (14,097 acres)
- Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge (GNDNWR) near Nipomo (2,553 acres)
- Kern National Wildlife Refuge near Lost Hills, in the California Central Valley Region (1,249 acres)
- Pixley National Wildlife Refuge near Delano, in the California Central Valley Region (6,939 acres)
- Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge (BRNWR) near Visalia in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada (897 acres)
Federal laws involving ocean areas overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972
- This act authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to identify and protect areas of the marine environment with special national significance. Some examples of significance are conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational or esthetic qualities [32]. Daily management of national marine sanctuaries has been overseen by the Secretary of Commerce to NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. The main goal of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats.
- Established the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). [33]
- Established the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. [34]
- Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 [35]
- This act provides for the management of the nation’s coastal resources, including the Great Lakes. The goal of the act is to “preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation’s coastal zone" [36]. The CZMA outlines three national programs: the National Coastal Zone Management Program, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).
- Established the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR).
Related links
- Legislation related to environmental management in California's Central Coast Region
- United States Department of the Interior (DOI)
- National Park Service (NPS)
- United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
- United States Forest Service (USFS)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
References
- ↑ https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/12/31/bill-creating-pinnacles-national-park-awaits-obamas-signature/
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm
- ↑ http://famousredwoods.com/kings_canyon_national_park/#:~:text=On%20September%2028%2C%201984%2C%20Kings,receives%20nearly%20600%2C000%20visitors%20annually
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm#:~:text=California%20Wilderness%20Act%20of%201984,Establishes%20Sequoia%2FKings%20Canyon%20Wilderness.
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/park-history.htm
- ↑ https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1508/index.htm
- ↑ https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top
- ↑ https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/how-america-started-saving-national-forests
- ↑ https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Transfer_Act_1905.pdf
- ↑ https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_004814.pdf
- ↑ https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/the-weeks-act/
- ↑ https://www.plymouth.edu/mwm/the-weeks-act-of-1911/
- ↑ https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/musya60.pdf
- ↑ https://ceq.doe.gov/#:~:text=Congress%20enacted%20NEPA%20to%20establish,Carta%22%20of%20Federal%20environmental%20laws.
- ↑ https://ceq.doe.gov
- ↑ https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/range74.pdf
- ↑ https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_LawsPolicyRegulations/FPP_NFMA.php
- ↑ https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd583096.pdf
- ↑ https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Cooperative%20Forestry%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201978.pdf
- ↑ https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php
- ↑ https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-bill-designating-the-ventana-wilderness-california
- ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/hr3454
- ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1437
- ↑ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg242.pdf
- ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750
- ↑ https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html
- ↑ https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Salinas_River/1997Act.html
- ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750
- ↑ https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/legislation/
- ↑ https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/regs-boundry.html#:~:text=Overview,for%20their%20management%20and%20protection.
- ↑ https://nmschannelislands.blob.core.windows.net/channelislands-prod/media/archive/sac/pdfs/gjfr_99.pdf
- ↑ https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/
- ↑ https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/
Disclaimer
This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.