Difference between revisions of "Federal legislation and executive orders relating to federal lands in California's Central Coast region"

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An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics in California's Central Coast Region|environmental summary]] by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
 
An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics in California's Central Coast Region|environmental summary]] by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [http://csumb.edu CSUMB].
 +
== Federal legislation and executive orders involving lands managed by [[National Park Service (NPS) | The National Park Service ]]== 
 +
*'''The Antiquities Act of 1906''' <ref>https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm</ref>
 +
** The Antiquities Act was the first law in the U.S. to provide general protection for any general kind of "cultural or natural resource" <ref> https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm </ref>. It established the first national historic preservation policy for the United States. The statute provided a tool for politicians and their supporters to clearly identify the uses of public lands and resources with a concentration in conservation. The act dissolved the requirement of parks or reserves to have an act of Congress as well as Presidential approval to begin conservation efforts, allowing the establishment of national monuments to be quicker. The Antiquities Act was utilized by presidents during the late 20th and early 21st century to designate national monuments.
 +
*'''Title 16 - Conservation of 1890'''
 +
**26 Stat. 478, 16 USC 41
 +
***Established [[Sequoia National Park]] including only the drainage of the South Fork of the Kaweah River - Garfield Grove and Hockett Meadow <ref> https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm </ref>
 +
*'''Public Law 85-665 of 1940''' <ref> http://famousredwoods.com/kings_canyon_national_park/#:~:text=On%20September%2028%2C%201984%2C%20Kings,receives%20nearly%20600%2C000%20visitors%20annually </ref>
 +
**54 Stat. 41, 16 USC 80a
 +
***Established [[Kings Canyon National Park]] and expanded its boundary to its current approximate condition  <ref>https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm#:~:text=California%20Wilderness%20Act%20of%201984,Establishes%20Sequoia%2FKings%20Canyon%20Wilderness.</ref>
 +
*'''Proclamation No. 2825 of 1949''' <ref> https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/park-history.htm </ref>
 +
**Signed by President Truman which added 17,635 acres to the [[Channel Islands National Park]] shortly after its establishment as a national monument in 1938.
 +
*'''Federal Property Act of 1949''' <ref>https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1508/index.htm</ref>
 +
**The purpose of this act is to help increase local recreation opportunities while reducing the federal government’s inventory of real property. This program has transferred about 184,000 acres of land to date to state and local governments for parks and recreation use.
 +
*'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref>
 +
**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser
 +
* In 2012, President Barack Obama established the [[César E. Chávez National Monument]].
 +
* In 2013, President Barack Obama redesignated Pinnacles National Monument to become [[Pinnacles National Park]].
  
−
==Federal Legislation==
+
== Federal legislation and executive orders involving lands managed by the [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)|United States Bureau of Land Management]]==
  
−
The following acts relate to the following federal entities which in turn affect federal lands in California's Central Coast region that are under the control of the various entities.
+
* History needed for:
 +
** Clear Creek Management Area (CCMA)
 +
** Joaquin Rocks
 +
** etc.
 +
* In 2012, President Barack Obama designated [[Fort Ord National Monument (FONM)|Fort Ord National Monument]].
  
−
===[[National Park Service (NPS)]] and [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]===
+
==Federal laws involving lands managed by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]==
−
*'''[[The Antiquities Act of 1906]]''' <ref>https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm</ref>
+
*'''National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html</ref>
−
**For the [[National Park Service (NPS)]], this act was used to establish what is now known as the following; 
+
**This act establishes the guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in [[National Wildlife Refuge System]] including "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.
−
*[[Pinnacles National Park]]
+
*'''National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Salinas_River/1997Act.html</ref>
−
*[[Sequoia National Park]]
+
**Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 in a manner that provides an “Organic Act” for the Refuge System.
−
*[[Kings Canyon National Park]]
+
*'''[[Big Sur Region | Big Sur]] Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002''' <ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750</ref>
−
*[[Channel Islands National Park]]
+
**This law designated specific lands administered by [[BLM]], [[USFS]], or [[NPS]] in California as wilderness, as components of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]], and as additions to the Ventana, Silver Peak, or Pinnacles Wilderness areas.
−
*[[César E. Chávez National Monument]]
+
**The following federal lands affected by this legislation are as follows:
−
**For the [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)]], this act was used to establish the following;
+
***[[Ellicott Slough  National Wildlife Refuge]] near Watsonville (201 acres)
−
*[[Fort Ord National Monument (FONM)]]
+
***[[Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge]] near Marina (367 acres)
−
*[[California Coastal National Monument (CCNM)]]
+
***[[Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge (BCNWR)]] near Taft (14,097 acres)
−
*[[Carrizo Plain National Monument]]
+
***[[Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge (GNDNWR)]] near Nipomo (2,553 acres)
−
*'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref>
+
***[[Kern National Wildlife Refuge]] near Lost Hills, in the [[California Central Valley Region]] (1,249 acres)
−
**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser
+
***[[Pixley National Wildlife Refuge]] near Delano, in the [[California Central Valley Region]] (6,939 acres)
−
 
+
***[[Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge (BRNWR)]] near Visalia in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada (897 acres)
−
This law affects the [[National Park Service (NPS)]].
+
  
−
===[[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]===
+
== Federal Laws involving lands managed by the [[United States Forest Service (USFS) | United States Forest Service ]]==
 +
===Laws affecting the entire United States===  
 
*'''Forest Reserve Act of 1891''' <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top</ref>
 
*'''Forest Reserve Act of 1891''' <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top</ref>
−
**Gives the President the authority to unilaterally set aside forest reserves from land in the public domain<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top</ref> which affects the management of [[Los Padres National Forest]].
+
**After two decades of debate about public land management, this act was passed in order to give the [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]] the authority to manage "forest reserves."<ref>https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/how-america-started-saving-national-forests</ref>  
 +
** This act affects the management of [[Los Padres National Forest]].
 
*'''The Transfer Act of 1905''' <ref>https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Transfer_Act_1905.pdf</ref>
 
*'''The Transfer Act of 1905''' <ref>https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Transfer_Act_1905.pdf</ref>
−
**Transferred the forest reserves of the U.S. from the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]] to the [[Department of Agriculture]], which affects who manages [[Los Padres National Forest]].
+
**This act "unified" all Federal forest management under the[[United States Department of Agriculture | Department of Agriculture]]. <ref> https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_004814.pdf </ref>. This allowed the former Bureau of Forestry to be established as the Forest Service on July 1, 1905.  
 
*'''The Weeks Act of 1911''' <ref>https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/the-weeks-act/</ref>
 
*'''The Weeks Act of 1911''' <ref>https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/the-weeks-act/</ref>
−
**Authorized the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to "Examine, locate and recommend for purchase ... such lands within the watersheds of navigable streams as ... may be necessary to the regulation of flow of navigable streams....".
+
**This act created a true national forest system where the federal government was allowed to purchase and maintain land in the eastern U.S. Prior to this act, local and federal governments did not own substantial land east of the Mississippi River <ref> https://www.plymouth.edu/mwm/the-weeks-act-of-1911/ </ref>
 
*'''The Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960''' <ref>https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/musya60.pdf</ref>
 
*'''The Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960''' <ref>https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/musya60.pdf</ref>
 
**Authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber, range, water, recreation and wildlife on the national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services.  
 
**Authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber, range, water, recreation and wildlife on the national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services.  
−
*'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref>
 
−
**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser.
 
−
 
−
This law established the National Wilderness Preservation System which helped create the [[Ventana Wilderness]].
 
−
*'''Ventana Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-bill-designating-the-ventana-wilderness-california</ref>
 
−
**Established the [[Ventana Wilderness]].
 
 
*'''The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970''' <ref>https://ceq.doe.gov/#:~:text=Congress%20enacted%20NEPA%20to%20establish,Carta%22%20of%20Federal%20environmental%20laws.</ref>
 
*'''The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970''' <ref>https://ceq.doe.gov/#:~:text=Congress%20enacted%20NEPA%20to%20establish,Carta%22%20of%20Federal%20environmental%20laws.</ref>
−
*'''[[Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974]]''' <ref>https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/range74.pdf</ref>
+
** NEPA was enacted to establish a national policy for the environment and to provide additional support for the establishment of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). NEPA was the first major environmental law in the United States <ref> https://ceq.doe.gov </ref>
−
**authorizes long-range planning by the United States Forest Service to protect, develop, and enhance the productivity and other values of forest resources. It requires that a renewable resource assessment and a Forest Service plan be prepared every ten and five years, respectively, to plan and prepare for the future of natural resources.  
+
*'''Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974''' <ref>https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/range74.pdf</ref>
 +
**authorizes long-range planning by [[USFS]] to protect, develop, and enhance the productivity and other values of forest resources. It requires that a renewable resource assessment and a Forest Service plan be prepared every ten and five years, respectively, to plan and prepare for the future of natural resources.  
 
*'''The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976''' <ref>https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_LawsPolicyRegulations/FPP_NFMA.php</ref>
 
*'''The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976''' <ref>https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_LawsPolicyRegulations/FPP_NFMA.php</ref>
−
**This law is the main statute governing the administration of national forests and was an amendment to the [[Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974]].
+
**This law is the main statute governing the administration of national forests and was an amendment to the [[Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974]].  
 +
**This law was amended by a 2012 planning rule. <ref>https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd583096.pdf</ref>
 
*'''The Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978''' <ref>https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Cooperative%20Forestry%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201978.pdf</ref>
 
*'''The Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978''' <ref>https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Cooperative%20Forestry%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201978.pdf</ref>
−
** This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry.  
+
** This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry.
 +
 
 +
===Laws that affect the [[California's Central Coast Region | California Central Coast Region]]===
 +
*'''The Wilderness Act of 1964''' <ref>https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php</ref>
 +
**A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser.
 +
**This law established the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]] which helped create the following wilderness areas;
 +
***[[San Rafael Wilderness]] (194,380 acres (787 km2))
 +
***[[Santa Lucia Wilderness]] (20,412 acres (83 km2) in the Lucia District, in the Santa Lucia Mountains)
 +
*Ventana Wilderness Act
 +
**Established in 1969, which redesignated 98,000 acres of the Ventana Primitive Area as the Ventana Wilderness.
 +
***[[Ventana Wilderness]] (240,026 acres (971 km2)) <ref>https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-bill-designating-the-ventana-wilderness-california</ref>
 
*'''Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978''' <ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/hr3454</ref>
 
*'''Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978''' <ref>https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/hr3454</ref>
 
**Established ten new designated Wilderness Areas in the National Forests of several Western states. In California, it created the following;  
 
**Established ten new designated Wilderness Areas in the National Forests of several Western states. In California, it created the following;  
−
 
 
***306,000 acre Golden Trout Wilderness in the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests
 
***306,000 acre Golden Trout Wilderness in the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests
 
***21,250 acre Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
 
***21,250 acre Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
−
***61,000 acre Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
+
***Added 61,000 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]
 
*'''California Wilderness Act of 1984''' <ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1437</ref>
 
*'''California Wilderness Act of 1984''' <ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1437</ref>
−
**This act authorized the addition of over 3 million acres (12,000 km2) [1] within the state of California to the National Wilderness Preservation System.
+
**This act authorized the addition of over 3 million acres (12,000 km2) [1] within the state of California to the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]]. It created the following;
 +
***[[Dick Smith Wilderness]] (64,800 acres (262 km2) in the Santa Barbara Ranger District)
 +
***Added 2,750 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]
 +
** The [[Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail]] was designated by Congress in 1990
 
*'''The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992''' <ref>https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg242.pdf</ref>
 
*'''The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992''' <ref>https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg242.pdf</ref>
−
**Established five new designated Wilderness Areas and three new designated Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Los Padres National Forest and Angeles National Forest in California.
+
**Established six new designated Wilderness Areas and three new designated [[Wild and Scenic Rivers in California's Central Coast Region|Wild and Scenic Rivers]] in the Los Padres National Forest and Angeles National Forest in California. These include the following:
−
*'''Big Sur Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002''' <ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750</ref>
+
***[[Chumash Wilderness]] (38,150 acres (154 km2) in the Mt. Pinos Ranger District, just west of Mount Pinos)
−
**This law designated specific lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, or the National Park Service in California as wilderness, as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System, and as additions to the Ventana, Silver Peak, or Pinnacles Wilderness areas.
+
***[[Garcia Wilderness]] (14,100 acres (57 km2) in the Lucia District)
 +
***[[Machesna Mountain Wilderness]] (19,880 acres (80 km2), in the La Panza Range in San Luis Obispo County)
 +
***[[Matilija Wilderness]] (29,600 acres (120 km2) in the Ojai Ranger District)
 +
***[[Sespe Wilderness]] (219,700 acres (889 km2), in both the Ojai and Mt. Pinos Ranger Districts)
 +
***[[Silver Peak Wilderness]] (31,555 acres (128 km2), in the Monterey District)
 +
***[[Sisquoc River]] - 33 miles (Wild River)
 +
***[[Sespe Creek]] - 31.5 miles (4 miles as a Scenic River and 27.5 miles as a Wild River)
 +
***[[Big Sur River]] - 19.5 miles (Wild River)
 +
***It also added 38,800 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]
 +
*'''[[Big Sur Region | Big Sur]] Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002''' <ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750</ref>
 +
**Added 35,800 acres to the established [[Ventana Wilderness]] in the [[Los Padres National Forest]]. The wilderness currently has a total of 240,026 acres.
  
−
===[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]===
+
==Federal laws involving ocean areas overseen by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]==
−
The following federal lands affected by this legislation are as follows:
+
*'''National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972'''
−
* [[Ellicott Slough  National Wildlife Refuge]] near Watsonville
+
** This act authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to identify and protect areas of the marine environment with special national significance. Some examples of significance are conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational or esthetic qualities <ref> https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/legislation/ </ref>. Daily management of national marine sanctuaries has been overseen by the Secretary of Commerce to NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. The main goal of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats.
−
* [[Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge]] near Marina
+
** Established the [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS)]]. <ref>https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/regs-boundry.html#:~:text=Overview,for%20their%20management%20and%20protection.</ref>
−
* [[Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge]] near Taft
+
**Established the [[Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary]]. <ref>https://nmschannelislands.blob.core.windows.net/channelislands-prod/media/archive/sac/pdfs/gjfr_99.pdf</ref>
−
* [[Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge]] near Nipomo
+
* '''Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972''' <ref>https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/</ref>
−
* [[Kern National Wildlife Refuge]] near Lost Hills, in the [[Central Valley]]
+
**This act provides for the management of the nation’s coastal resources, including the Great Lakes. The goal of the act is to “preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation’s coastal zone" <ref> https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/ </ref>. The CZMA outlines three national programs: the National Coastal Zone Management Program, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).
−
* [[Pixley National Wildlife Refuge]] near Delano, in the [[Central Valley]]
+
**Established the [[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]].
−
* [[Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge]] near Visalia in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada
+
−
*'''National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html</ref>
+
−
**This act establishes the guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in National Wildlife Refuge system including "wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.
+
−
*'''National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act''' <ref>https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Salinas_River/1997Act.html</ref>
+
−
**Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 in a manner that provides an “Organic Act” for the Refuge System.
+
  
 
== Related links ==
 
== Related links ==
  
 
* [[Legislation related to environmental management in California's Central Coast Region]]
 
* [[Legislation related to environmental management in California's Central Coast Region]]
 +
* [[United States Department of the Interior (DOI)]]
 +
* [[National Park Service (NPS)]]
 +
* [[United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM)]]
 +
* [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)]]
 +
* [[United States Forest Service (USFS)]]
 +
* [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:45, 28 March 2021

An environmental summary by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.

Federal legislation and executive orders involving lands managed by The National Park Service

  • The Antiquities Act of 1906 [1]
    • The Antiquities Act was the first law in the U.S. to provide general protection for any general kind of "cultural or natural resource" [2]. It established the first national historic preservation policy for the United States. The statute provided a tool for politicians and their supporters to clearly identify the uses of public lands and resources with a concentration in conservation. The act dissolved the requirement of parks or reserves to have an act of Congress as well as Presidential approval to begin conservation efforts, allowing the establishment of national monuments to be quicker. The Antiquities Act was utilized by presidents during the late 20th and early 21st century to designate national monuments.
  • Title 16 - Conservation of 1890
    • 26 Stat. 478, 16 USC 41
      • Established Sequoia National Park including only the drainage of the South Fork of the Kaweah River - Garfield Grove and Hockett Meadow [3]
  • Public Law 85-665 of 1940 [4]
  • Proclamation No. 2825 of 1949 [6]
    • Signed by President Truman which added 17,635 acres to the Channel Islands National Park shortly after its establishment as a national monument in 1938.
  • Federal Property Act of 1949 [7]
    • The purpose of this act is to help increase local recreation opportunities while reducing the federal government’s inventory of real property. This program has transferred about 184,000 acres of land to date to state and local governments for parks and recreation use.
  • The Wilderness Act of 1964 [8]
    • A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser
  • In 2012, President Barack Obama established the César E. Chávez National Monument.
  • In 2013, President Barack Obama redesignated Pinnacles National Monument to become Pinnacles National Park.

Federal legislation and executive orders involving lands managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management

  • History needed for:
    • Clear Creek Management Area (CCMA)
    • Joaquin Rocks
    • etc.
  • In 2012, President Barack Obama designated Fort Ord National Monument.

Federal laws involving lands managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Federal Laws involving lands managed by the United States Forest Service

Laws affecting the entire United States

  • Forest Reserve Act of 1891 [12]
  • The Transfer Act of 1905 [14]
    • This act "unified" all Federal forest management under the Department of Agriculture. [15]. This allowed the former Bureau of Forestry to be established as the Forest Service on July 1, 1905.
  • The Weeks Act of 1911 [16]
    • This act created a true national forest system where the federal government was allowed to purchase and maintain land in the eastern U.S. Prior to this act, local and federal governments did not own substantial land east of the Mississippi River [17]
  • The Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960 [18]
    • Authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber, range, water, recreation and wildlife on the national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services.
  • The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970 [19]
    • NEPA was enacted to establish a national policy for the environment and to provide additional support for the establishment of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). NEPA was the first major environmental law in the United States [20]
  • Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 [21]
    • authorizes long-range planning by USFS to protect, develop, and enhance the productivity and other values of forest resources. It requires that a renewable resource assessment and a Forest Service plan be prepared every ten and five years, respectively, to plan and prepare for the future of natural resources.
  • The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976 [22]
  • The Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 [24]
    • This law revised the authority of the United States Forest Service to provide financial and technical assistance to states and private landowners on a variety of forestry issues, including forest management and stewardship, fire protection, insect and disease control, reforestation and stand improvement, and urban forestry.

Laws that affect the California Central Coast Region

  • The Wilderness Act of 1964 [25]
    • A law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the U.S., which protects 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The definition is as follows; "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser.
    • This law established the National Wilderness Preservation System which helped create the following wilderness areas;
  • Ventana Wilderness Act
    • Established in 1969, which redesignated 98,000 acres of the Ventana Primitive Area as the Ventana Wilderness.
  • Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978 [27]
    • Established ten new designated Wilderness Areas in the National Forests of several Western states. In California, it created the following;
      • 306,000 acre Golden Trout Wilderness in the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests
      • 21,250 acre Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
      • Added 61,000 acres to the established Ventana Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest
  • California Wilderness Act of 1984 [28]
  • The Los Padres Condor Range and River Protection Act of 1992 [29]
  • Big Sur Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002 [30]

Federal laws involving ocean areas overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

  • National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972
    • This act authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to identify and protect areas of the marine environment with special national significance. Some examples of significance are conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational or esthetic qualities [31]. Daily management of national marine sanctuaries has been overseen by the Secretary of Commerce to NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. The main goal of the NMSA is to protect marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels or unique habitats.
    • Established the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). [32]
    • Established the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. [33]
  • Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 [34]
    • This act provides for the management of the nation’s coastal resources, including the Great Lakes. The goal of the act is to “preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation’s coastal zone" [35]. The CZMA outlines three national programs: the National Coastal Zone Management Program, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).
    • Established the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR).

Related links

References

  1. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm
  2. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm
  3. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm
  4. ↑ http://famousredwoods.com/kings_canyon_national_park/#:~:text=On%20September%2028%2C%201984%2C%20Kings,receives%20nearly%20600%2C000%20visitors%20annually
  5. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/management/enabling-legislation.htm#:~:text=California%20Wilderness%20Act%20of%201984,Establishes%20Sequoia%2FKings%20Canyon%20Wilderness.
  6. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/park-history.htm
  7. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1508/index.htm
  8. ↑ https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php
  9. ↑ https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html
  10. ↑ https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Salinas_River/1997Act.html
  11. ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100217050446/http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forest-research/heritage/early1.html#top
  13. ↑ https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/how-america-started-saving-national-forests
  14. ↑ https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Transfer_Act_1905.pdf
  15. ↑ https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_004814.pdf
  16. ↑ https://foresthistory.org/research-explore/us-forest-service-history/policy-and-law/the-weeks-act/
  17. ↑ https://www.plymouth.edu/mwm/the-weeks-act-of-1911/
  18. ↑ https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/musya60.pdf
  19. ↑ https://ceq.doe.gov/#:~:text=Congress%20enacted%20NEPA%20to%20establish,Carta%22%20of%20Federal%20environmental%20laws.
  20. ↑ https://ceq.doe.gov
  21. ↑ https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nfma/includes/range74.pdf
  22. ↑ https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_LawsPolicyRegulations/FPP_NFMA.php
  23. ↑ https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd583096.pdf
  24. ↑ https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Cooperative%20Forestry%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201978.pdf
  25. ↑ https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/key-laws/wilderness-act/default.php
  26. ↑ https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-bill-designating-the-ventana-wilderness-california
  27. ↑ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/hr3454
  28. ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1437
  29. ↑ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg242.pdf
  30. ↑ https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/4750
  31. ↑ https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/legislation/
  32. ↑ https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/regs-boundry.html#:~:text=Overview,for%20their%20management%20and%20protection.
  33. ↑ https://nmschannelislands.blob.core.windows.net/channelislands-prod/media/archive/sac/pdfs/gjfr_99.pdf
  34. ↑ https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/
  35. ↑ https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/

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