Difference between revisions of "Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS)"

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[[File:Mbnms_lg.jpg|230px|thumb|right|A map of the boundaries of the MBNMS ''https://montereybay.noaa.gov'']]
 
An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].
 
An [[Summaries of Environmental Topics on the Central Coast of California|environmental summary]] created by the [[ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems]] class at [[CSUMB]].
 +
  
 
This page is an introduction to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) with specific emphasis on the relationship between the MBNMS and the coastal and terrestrial environment.
 
This page is an introduction to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) with specific emphasis on the relationship between the MBNMS and the coastal and terrestrial environment.
  
 
== General Information ==
 
== General Information ==
 +
The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) was designated on September 18, 1992 by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]] under the auspices of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act for its diverse biological and cultural qualities. The MBNMS includes 276 miles of shoreline from Rocky Point in Marin County southward to Cambria in San Luis Obispo County and extends an average of 30 miles offshore. Roughly the size of the state of Connecticut, it covers 6,094 square miles of ocean - its deepest point occurring at the Davidson Seamount (3,884 meters in depth). The MBNMS hosts 36 different species of mammals, over 180 species of seabirds and shorebirds, at least 525 species of fish, four species of marine turtles, 31 different phyla of invertebrates, and over 450 species of marine algae.
 +
<ref>''National Ocean Service''
 +
[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/intro/welcome.html/ Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Overview]
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December 09, 2019
 +
</ref>
  
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The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) stretches from Marin in the north to Cambria in the south, and extends an average of 30 miles off shore.  It includes 276 miles of shoreline, and covers 6094 square miles of ocean.  At its deepest point, it is 12,743 feet deep.<ref name="MBNMS"> [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/intro/welcome.html/ MBNMS] </ref>
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== Central Coast watersheds and sub-watersheds that drain into MBNMS ==
  
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== Central Coast Watersheds and Sub-Watersheds that drain into MBNMS ==
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The MBNMS is fed by several [[watershed]]s in the [[Central Coast Region]], many of which are affected by heavy urban and agricultural activity <ref name = "Microplastics">CSUMB Class ENVS 660: Caudillo A, Gennaro M, Klein J, Kortman S, Kwan-Davis R, Wandke J, Olson J. 2019. Quantfifying microplastics in urban and agricultural watersheds in the Monterey Peninsula. Watershed Institute, California State University Monterey Bay, Publication No. WI-2019-09.</ref> that can ultimately affect several biotic and abiotic factors in the bay. Below is a non-exhaustive list of watersheds that drain into MBNMS (listed from north to south):
  
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A non-exhaustive list of watersheds, from north to south:
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[[File:WatershedsMBNMS.png|right|340px|thumb|Major coastal watersheds that drain into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Map produced by NOAA. <ref> Available from: [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/watersheds.html]</ref>]]
  
 
=== Santa Cruz County ===
 
=== Santa Cruz County ===
Line 34: Line 41:
 
*[[Big Sur River Watershed]]
 
*[[Big Sur River Watershed]]
  
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== Terrestrial impacts on the MBNMS ==
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== Terrestrial impacts ==
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Due to the extensive coastline of the MBNMS, it faces several potential threats from terrestrial environments. These threats include:
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California's Central Coast is one of the state's most intensive agricultural regions, with the Salinas Valley being the nation's top vegetable producer. The agricultural activity and rapid urban growth associated with the industry pose a significant threat to adjacent aquatic habitats and therefore the MBNMS, into which they drain. Several studies in the region have shown that water and sediment samples from numerous drainage channels, rivers, and estuaries (such as [[Elkhorn Slough]]) contain toxic contaminants at high concentrations. <ref> Hunt JW, Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Nicely PN, Tjeerdema RS, Puckett HM, Stephenson M, Worcester K and Vlaming V. 2003. Ambient toxicity due to chloropyrifos and diazinon in a Central California coastal watershed. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2003(82):83-100. </ref>
  
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*Harmful Algal Blooms.<ref name="HABs"> [https://www.nrdc.org/experts/corinne-bell/lack-balance-runoff-and-harmful-algal-blooms/ A Lack of Balance: Runoff and Harmful Algal Blooms]</ref>
 
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*Toxoplasmosis in southern sea otters due to [[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula|improper waste disposal]].<ref name="Sea Otters"> [http://www.seaotterresearch.org/ What's Killing the Sea Otters?]  </ref>.
 
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*Dynamic shifts due to [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region|coastal retreat]].
 
  
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== Water Quality Programs ==
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In addition to impacting water and sediment quality, human activity in this area has also resulted in negative impacts to habitat quality and abundance. Inputs of nutrients and contaminants such as fecal bacteria, pesticides, oil, grease, metals, and detergents<ref> National Ocean Service. [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/water-pro.html]</ref> contribute to an increase in the frequency of hypoxia, [[eutrophication]], and algal bloom events, which are harmful to the many sensitive species that inhabit the watershed, coastline, nearshore, and offshore environments. <ref> Monterey Bay 2015 Condition Report Update [[https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/science/condition/monterey-bay-2015/abstract.html]] </ref>
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Due to the extensive coastline of the MBNMS, it faces a variety of vulnerabilities from the nearly 7,000 square miles of watershed areas that drain into it.  In order to address these vulnerabilities, a consortium of eight federal, state, and local agencies collaborated on a [[Water Quality Protection Program (WQPP)]]. The [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/comm.html WQPP] works to protect the MBNMS using programs like the following:
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=== Agriculture and Rural ===
 
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In order to maintain the pristine nature of the MBNMS and support the local agricultural industry, farmers and agencies have created the Agriculture Water Quality Alliance ([http://www.awqa.org/ AWQA]).  The AWQA promotes a voluntary stewardship-based approach as outlined in the "[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/reports/agactioniv_99/welcome.html Agriculture and Rural Lands Action Plan]."
 
  
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=== Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network ===
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Other environmental issues of concern that stem from terrestrial impacts include [[Coastal Retreat in California's Central Coast Region|coastal retreat]], increased concentrations of microplastics,<ref name = "Microplastics"/> and bioaccumulation of toxins in marine fauna that can result in mass casualties and strandings, such as toxoplasmosis in Southern sea otters due to [[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula|improper waste disposal]].<ref> [https://www.kqed.org/quest/20/discuss-the-whats-killing-the-sea-otters-tv-segment What's Killing the Sea Otters?] February 6, 2007</ref>
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The Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network (The Network) is a group of citizen science monitoring groups that study the health of the watersheds entering the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.  The Network organizes a series of monitoring events throughout the year.<ref name="CitizenMonitor">[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/monitoringnetwork/welcome.html Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network] </ref>
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==== Snapshot Day ====
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== Water Quality Protection Program and Action Plans==
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Snapshot day takes place annually on the first Saturday in May. Trained volunteers from nearby counties collect a "snapshot" of watershed health by collecting temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity field data and collect water samples to be analyzed for nutrient and bacteria levels in a laboratory. <ref name="SnapshotDay"> [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/getinvolved/volunteer/snapshotday.html Snapshot Day]</ref>
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In order to address the many environmental vulnerabilities of the MBNMS due to issues originating in the region's watersheds, a consortium of eight federal, state, and local agencies collaborated on a [[Water Quality Protection Program (WQPP)]]. The [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/comm.html WQPP] committee was established to protect the MBNMS using the following action plans that specifically target terrestrial issues:
  
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==== Urban Watch ====
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*Urban Runoff Action Plan<ref> Urban Runoff. National Ocean Service. [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/urban.html]</ref>
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The Urban Watch Program takes place during the dry summer months. The goal is to help inform cities so they can understand sources of pollution into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Volunteers collect field measurements of pH, temperature, and conductivity and collect samples that are checked for ammonia, phosphate, chlorine, and detergents.<ref name="UrbanWatch">[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/getinvolved/volunteer/urbanwatch.html Urban Watch]</ref>
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**Participating entities: [[State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)]], [[Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB)]], [[Monterey Regional Stormwater Management Program]], [[City of Monterey]], [[City of Del Rey Oaks]], [[City of Marina]], [[City of Seaside]], City of [[Carmel]]
  
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==== First Flush ====
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*Agriculture and Rural Lands Action Plan<ref> Agricultural and Rural Lands Action Plan. National Ocean Service. [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/ag.html]</ref>
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First Flush occurs annually during the first "significant" rain of the water year (typically in the fall).  The goal of First Flush is to understand the storm water that flows into the MBNMS by monitoring storm drain outfalls.  Field data is collected for temperature, conductivity, transparency, and pH.  Lab samples are checked for bacterial content, metals, nutrients, and suspended solids. <ref name="FirstFlush">[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/getinvolved/volunteer/firstflush.html First Flush]</ref>
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**Participating entity: [[Agriculture Water Quality Alliance (AWQA)]]
  
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=== Urban Runoff ===
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*Wetlands and Riparian Corridors Action Plan<ref> Protecting Water Quality in Wetlands and Riparian Corridors. National Ocean Service. [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/wetlands_plan.html]</ref>
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Urban runoff includes non-point source pollution which requires a more comprehensive management approach.  To address Urban Runoff, the MBNMS has outlined "Action Plan I" to address urban runoff.<ref name = "UrbanRunoff">[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/urban.html Urban Runoff]</ref>
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**Participating entities: [[Central Coast Wetlands Group (CCWG)]], [[Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP)]], [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], and [[The Watershed Institute]]
  
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===Wetlands and Riparian Corridors ===
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*Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network Action Plan<ref> Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network. National Ocean Service. [https://montereybay.noaa.gov/monitoringnetwork/welcome.html] </ref>
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In collaboration with the Central Coast Wetlands Group ([https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/ccwg/ CCWG]), the Wetlands and Riparian Corridors Action Plan collects goals and strategies to protect and monitor the Central Coast's wetlands.  Other involved groups are the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program (IWRP), The [[Elkhorn Slough Foundation|Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]], and [[The Watershed Institute]].<ref name="WetlandsAndRiparian">[https://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/wetlands_plan.html Wetlands and Riparian Corridors]</ref>
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**Participating entities: [[Ocean Conservancy]] and [[Coastal Watershed Council]]
 +
**Utilizes citizen science to collect water quality data through monitoring groups such as Snapshot Day, First Flush, and Urban Watch
  
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==reftest ==
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==Reports and journal papers==
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blah blah
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−
<ref>
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*Eklhorn Slough, California: State of the Estuary Report<ref> Elkhorn Slough, California: State of the Estuary Report. 2019. Wasson K, Eby R, Endris C, Fork S, Haskins J, Huges B, Jeppesen R, Van Dyke E, Watson E. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. http://www.elkhornslough.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/State_of_Estuary_2019.pdf]</ref>
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{{
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*First Flush 2018 Monitoring Report<ref> Emanuelson L. 2019. Dry Run & First Flush 2018 Monitoring report. California Marine Sanctuary Foundation. [https://nmsmontereybay.blob.core.windows.net/montereybay-prod/media/monitoringnetwork/pdf/ff2018.pdf]</ref>
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Citation
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*Snapshot Day 2018 Final Report<ref> Central Coast Snapshot Day, May 5, 2018. [https://nmsmontereybay.blob.core.windows.net/montereybay-prod/media/monitoringnetwork/pdf/ss2018.pdf]</ref>
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| url  = https://montereybay.noaa.gov/intro/welcome.html/
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*Agricultural Management Practices and Treatment Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in Southern Monterey Bay Watersheds: Final Report<ref>Harris, K., Watson, F., Brown, K., Burton, R., Carmichael, S., Casagrande, J.M., Casagrande, J.R., Daniels, M., Earnshaw, S., Frank, D., Hanson, E., Lienk, L.L., Martin, P., Travers, B., Watson, J., & Wiskind, A. (2007) Agricultural Management Practices and Treatment Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in Southern Monterey Bay Watersheds: Final Report. Report to California State Water Resources Control Board. The Watershed Institute, California State Monterey Bay, Publication No. WI-2007-01, 162 pp. [http://ccows.csumb.edu/pubs/reports/CCoWS_SWRCB_Wetlands+AgPractices_FinalReport_070606.pdf]</ref>
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| title = Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Overview
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*Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary<ref>Moore LJ and Griggs GB. 2001. Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Geology 181 (2002): 265-283</ref>
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| publisher  = National Ocean Service
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*Evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters<ref>Miller MA, Kudela RM, Mekebri A, Crane D, Oates SC, Tinker MT, Staedler M, Miller WA, Toy-Choutka S, Dominik C, Hardin D, Langlois G, Murray M, Ward K and Jessup DA. 2010. Evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters. PloS One. 2010; 5(9): e12576.</ref>
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| accessdate = November 30, 2010
+
 
−
}}
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==Links==
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</ref>
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*[[Elkhorn Slough]]
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 +
*[[Elkhorn Slough Watershed]]
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 +
*[[Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF)]]
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 +
*[[Sedimentation and Contamination from Carneros Watershed affecting Elkhorn Slough]]
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*[[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR)]]
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 +
*[[Potential watershed impacts on Elkhorn Slough]]
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*[[The Carmel River Watershed]]
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 +
*[[Watershed Issues in California's Central Coast Region]]
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 +
*[[Lagunita Creek Watershed]]
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 +
*[[Harkins Slough and Expansion of Urban Land Use at Watsonville]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Central Coast Region Agricultural Waiver]]
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 +
*[[Lower Salinas River Watershed]]
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 +
*[[TMDL for Fecal Coliform for the Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]
 +
 
 +
*[[TMDL for Nutrients in Lower Salinas River Watershed, Monterey County, California]]
 +
 
 +
*[[State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Regional regulatory approaches to agricultural runoff in California]]
 +
 
 +
*[[National Marine Fisheries Service]]
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*[[Urban Discharges to Areas of Special Biological Significance on Monterey Peninsula]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Special Status Animals in the Central Coast Region]]
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 +
*[[Special Status Species]]
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 +
*[[Coho Salmon Crisis in the Central California Coast ESU]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs)]]
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 +
*[[Steelhead]]
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Latest revision as of 09:15, 28 February 2021

A map of the boundaries of the MBNMS https://montereybay.noaa.gov

An environmental summary created by the ENVS 560/L Watershed Systems class at CSUMB.


This page is an introduction to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) with specific emphasis on the relationship between the MBNMS and the coastal and terrestrial environment.

General Information

The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) was designated on September 18, 1992 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the auspices of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act for its diverse biological and cultural qualities. The MBNMS includes 276 miles of shoreline from Rocky Point in Marin County southward to Cambria in San Luis Obispo County and extends an average of 30 miles offshore. Roughly the size of the state of Connecticut, it covers 6,094 square miles of ocean - its deepest point occurring at the Davidson Seamount (3,884 meters in depth). The MBNMS hosts 36 different species of mammals, over 180 species of seabirds and shorebirds, at least 525 species of fish, four species of marine turtles, 31 different phyla of invertebrates, and over 450 species of marine algae. [1]

Central Coast watersheds and sub-watersheds that drain into MBNMS

The MBNMS is fed by several watersheds in the Central Coast Region, many of which are affected by heavy urban and agricultural activity [2] that can ultimately affect several biotic and abiotic factors in the bay. Below is a non-exhaustive list of watersheds that drain into MBNMS (listed from north to south):

Major coastal watersheds that drain into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Map produced by NOAA. [3]

Santa Cruz County

Monterey County

Terrestrial impacts

California's Central Coast is one of the state's most intensive agricultural regions, with the Salinas Valley being the nation's top vegetable producer. The agricultural activity and rapid urban growth associated with the industry pose a significant threat to adjacent aquatic habitats and therefore the MBNMS, into which they drain. Several studies in the region have shown that water and sediment samples from numerous drainage channels, rivers, and estuaries (such as Elkhorn Slough) contain toxic contaminants at high concentrations. [4]


In addition to impacting water and sediment quality, human activity in this area has also resulted in negative impacts to habitat quality and abundance. Inputs of nutrients and contaminants such as fecal bacteria, pesticides, oil, grease, metals, and detergents[5] contribute to an increase in the frequency of hypoxia, eutrophication, and algal bloom events, which are harmful to the many sensitive species that inhabit the watershed, coastline, nearshore, and offshore environments. [6]


Other environmental issues of concern that stem from terrestrial impacts include coastal retreat, increased concentrations of microplastics,[2] and bioaccumulation of toxins in marine fauna that can result in mass casualties and strandings, such as toxoplasmosis in Southern sea otters due to improper waste disposal.[7]

Water Quality Protection Program and Action Plans

In order to address the many environmental vulnerabilities of the MBNMS due to issues originating in the region's watersheds, a consortium of eight federal, state, and local agencies collaborated on a Water Quality Protection Program (WQPP). The WQPP committee was established to protect the MBNMS using the following action plans that specifically target terrestrial issues:

  • Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network Action Plan[11]

Reports and journal papers

  • Eklhorn Slough, California: State of the Estuary Report[12]
  • First Flush 2018 Monitoring Report[13]
  • Snapshot Day 2018 Final Report[14]
  • Agricultural Management Practices and Treatment Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in Southern Monterey Bay Watersheds: Final Report[15]
  • Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary[16]
  • Evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters[17]

Links

References

  1. ↑ National Ocean Service Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Overview December 09, 2019
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 CSUMB Class ENVS 660: Caudillo A, Gennaro M, Klein J, Kortman S, Kwan-Davis R, Wandke J, Olson J. 2019. Quantfifying microplastics in urban and agricultural watersheds in the Monterey Peninsula. Watershed Institute, California State University Monterey Bay, Publication No. WI-2019-09.
  3. ↑ Available from: [1]
  4. ↑ Hunt JW, Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Nicely PN, Tjeerdema RS, Puckett HM, Stephenson M, Worcester K and Vlaming V. 2003. Ambient toxicity due to chloropyrifos and diazinon in a Central California coastal watershed. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2003(82):83-100.
  5. ↑ National Ocean Service. [2]
  6. ↑ Monterey Bay 2015 Condition Report Update [[3]]
  7. ↑ What's Killing the Sea Otters? February 6, 2007
  8. ↑ Urban Runoff. National Ocean Service. [4]
  9. ↑ Agricultural and Rural Lands Action Plan. National Ocean Service. [5]
  10. ↑ Protecting Water Quality in Wetlands and Riparian Corridors. National Ocean Service. [6]
  11. ↑ Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network. National Ocean Service. [7]
  12. ↑ Elkhorn Slough, California: State of the Estuary Report. 2019. Wasson K, Eby R, Endris C, Fork S, Haskins J, Huges B, Jeppesen R, Van Dyke E, Watson E. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. http://www.elkhornslough.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/State_of_Estuary_2019.pdf]
  13. ↑ Emanuelson L. 2019. Dry Run & First Flush 2018 Monitoring report. California Marine Sanctuary Foundation. [8]
  14. ↑ Central Coast Snapshot Day, May 5, 2018. [9]
  15. ↑ Harris, K., Watson, F., Brown, K., Burton, R., Carmichael, S., Casagrande, J.M., Casagrande, J.R., Daniels, M., Earnshaw, S., Frank, D., Hanson, E., Lienk, L.L., Martin, P., Travers, B., Watson, J., & Wiskind, A. (2007) Agricultural Management Practices and Treatment Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in Southern Monterey Bay Watersheds: Final Report. Report to California State Water Resources Control Board. The Watershed Institute, California State Monterey Bay, Publication No. WI-2007-01, 162 pp. [10]
  16. ↑ Moore LJ and Griggs GB. 2001. Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Geology 181 (2002): 265-283
  17. ↑ Miller MA, Kudela RM, Mekebri A, Crane D, Oates SC, Tinker MT, Staedler M, Miller WA, Toy-Choutka S, Dominik C, Hardin D, Langlois G, Murray M, Ward K and Jessup DA. 2010. Evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters. PloS One. 2010; 5(9): e12576.

Disclaimer

This page may contain student work completed as part of assigned coursework. It may not be accurate. It does not necessary reflect the opinion or policy of CSUMB, its staff, or students.

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